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and 0.67 (R:FR = 0.82), respectively. Therefore, the similar proportions of the active form of phytochrome, PFR, could account for similar flowering responses under these two NI lighting treatments. Standard HPS lamps with a considerably higher R:FR (>4.0; PFR/PR+FR >0.8) could be less effective at promoting flowering of some LDPs than lamps with a lower R:FR (Blanchard and Runkle, 2009, 2010; Runkle and Heins, 2001). For example, coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora) and rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hirta) flowered 8 to 31 d earlier under 4-h NI lighting provided by INC lamps than rotating HPS lamps (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010). At Henry Mast Greenhouse, only 8% of snapdragon plants under the HPS lamps had flowered before the trial ended, whereas all plants had flowered under the LEDs. However, at C. Raker & Sons, verbena under the HPS lamps flowered earlier than plants under the LEDs. The earlier flowering of verbena could be attributed to a higher ADT (by 3.9 °F) under the HPS lamps (Table II-1). Similarly, the earlier flowering at CfAHR compared with that at the other sites could at least partially be explained by the higher ADT at CfAHR. A previous study showed that flowering time of 15 ornamental annual crops was shortened as the ADT increased (Vaid and Runkle, 2013). With the linear equation correlating the ADT and the flowering rate of petunia in this study, differences in flowering time of ‘EWBS’ petunia and snapdragon among our trial sites can be explained. Specifically, the models predict that ‘EWBS’ petunia and snapdragon under the LEDs would flower 7 and 9 d earlier, respectively, at CfAHR than at C. Raker & Sons, and the actual flowering time was accelerated by 10 and 13 d, respectively. The slight discrepancies between the estimated and actual flowering time could be from different genetics of cultivars, seedling maturity at transplant time, photoperiod, and DLI. 43PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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