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Runkle, 2009; Runkle et al., 2012). Night-interruption lighting with a high R:FR was less effective at promoting flowering of LDPs such as petunia, snapdragon, lisianthus, and viola compared with a moderate R:FR (Craig and Runkle, 2012; Kim et al., 2002; Runkle and Heins, 2001; Sato et al., 2009; Yamada et al., 2009). Therefore, CFL lamps or LEDs with little or no FR light are generally not as effective at controlling flowering of some LDPs. Given the comparable effectiveness of the R+W+FR LEDs and conventional light sources, factors such as energy availability and cost, lighting use per year, lamp cost and longevity, and availability of energy rebates from utility companies are among the factors that should be considered when choosing a light source for photoperiodic lighting. The R+W+FR LEDs consume only 14 W per lamp, making them more efficient than most conventional lamp types. The useful lifetime of these LEDs at 77 °F and 90% intensity is at least 20,000 h (Philips, 2014), whereas that of INC bulbs is usually approximately 1,000 h (Lim et al., 2012). The greater energy efficiency and much longer lifetime should be weighed against the higher purchase price of the LEDs. For example, to provide similar photoperiodic lighting in a greenhouse, the total operating cost for the R+W+FR LEDs was calculated to be lower than that for INC and HPS lamps when various factors, such as initial purchase prices and bulb lifetime, were considered. Potential adopters of these LEDs for photoperiodic lighting should perform a similar economic analysis considering their specific lighting needs and costs. Given our research findings, the efficacy of these LEDs on flowering should not be a factor. 45PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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