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on 10 May, 2 May, 9 Apr., 9 Apr., and 2 May 2013, respectively, for the second replication. Dianthus, petunia WPC and WPI, and rudbeckia were transplanted on 6 Feb., 7 Feb., 7 Feb., and 7 Feb. 2013, respectively, for the first replication, and on 2 May, 20 May, 2 May, and 8 May 2013, respectively, for the second replication. Lighting treatments A truncated 9-h natural SD photoperiod was achieved by closing opaque black cloth at 1700 HR and opening it at 0800 HR for all treatments. In addition to a 9-h SD control, 4-h NI lighting treatments were delivered from 2230 HR to 0230 HR by INC lamps (60 W; Philips, Amsterdam, Netherlands) or white (10.5 W, peak wavelength = 606 nm; model 9290002204, Philips Lighting, Somerset, NJ), B (18 W, peak wavelength = 462 nm; model 121109-125040- 7779, LEDwholesalers, Hayward, CA), B+R (peak wavelength = 659 nm), B+FR (peak wavelength = 737 nm), B+R+FR, or R+FR LEDs. Red and FR light were delivered by customized LED fixtures containing three R and/or FR LEDs per fixture (5 W; CCS, Inc., Kyoto, Japan). Photon flux at plant height was averaged from measurements using a portable spectroradiometer (PS200, StellarNet, Inc., Tampa, FL) at four different locations within the treatment area and was adjusted to 1.3 to 1.7 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 between 400 and 800 nm for all NI lighting treatments by lamp positioning and use of aluminum mesh. Spectral distribution characteristics of NI lighting treatments were provided in Table III-1 and Figure III-1. Plants were placed on the bench area only where light intensity at plant height was between 1 and 3 μmol∙m−2∙s−1. The NI lighting treatments using multiple combinations of LEDs delivered equal intensities of different colors. For each NI lighting treatment, the R:FR was calculated using 10- nm and 100-nm wavebands, and the phytochrome photoequilibrium was estimated using the spectra in Figure III-1, as described by Sager et al. (1988). 66PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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