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flowering promotion index. Therefore, for NI lighting from low-intensity B, R or FR light, the estimated PFR/PR+FR is apparently not a consistent indicator of flowering responses of LDPs. When plants are competing for light, such as under a canopy, the R:FR is decreased, triggering shade-avoidance responses such as increased stem elongation, hyponastic leaf growth, early flowering, and reduced branching (Cerdán and Chory, 2003). Plants grown under closed canopies with an R:FR of 0.05 were taller than those grown under full sunlight with an R:FR of 1.2 (Vandenbussche et al., 2005). Since stem length was recorded at flowering, it is crucial to consider flowering time and leaf number at flowering when evaluating extension growth. Compared with the B+R NI, the B+R+FR NI promoted extension growth by 16 to 20% in dahlia ‘Gallery Pablo’, dianthus, and rudbeckia, all of which flowered simultaneously under these two NI lighting treatments. In our study, dahlia ‘Leanne’ was 5 cm taller under the B+FR NI than under the B+R NI and flowered simultaneously under these two NI lighting treatments. Similarly, stem elongation of Italian bellflower (Campanula isophylla) was promoted under a 3-h FR NI compared with a 3-h R NI (Moe et al., 1991). Alternatively, NI lighting with a high R:FR can inhibit extension growth. For example, internode length of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) was shorter under an NI with an R:FR of 5 to 10 than 0.5 to 1 (Yamada et al., 2011). Similarly in our study, extension growth of chrysanthemum, dahlia ‘Leanne’ and ‘Gallery Pablo’, and rudbeckia under NI lighting treatments with a high R:FR, such as the W and B+R NI, was less than that under NI lighting treatments emitting both R and FR light. Apart from the R:FR, low-intensity B light can influence the shade-avoidance response through crytochromes and phototropins (Vandenbussche et al., 2005). Although our results show that extension growth of all crops was not affected by low-intensity B light when added to R and FR light, other studies that delivered higher intensities reported that B light suppressed stem 75PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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