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II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Lasers have been used in the medical field for many years. It was not until a few years ago that light therapy (LT) was approved as a therapeutic modality in hospitals, physical therapy clinics, and sports medicine facilities. LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. In 1917 Albert Einstein published a paper ‘Zur Quantum Theori der Strahlung’ that outlined the key concepts and principles for the stimulated emission of photons (Cartwright, 2002). The MASER (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emissions of Radiation) was created about forty years later. In 1960 Maiman produced the first working laser consisting of a synthetic ruby crystal surrounded by a helical flashlamp which produced pulsed dye laser at a visible wavelength of 694 nanometers (nm). This led to the use of the ruby laser on human skin in the early 60’s by Goldman et al, and led to the extensive use of high powered lasers in Dermatology (Cartwright, 2002). Light therapy emerged about forty years later. Initially, however, the benefits were unrealized. LT was thought to have no biological effects until Mester et al initiated a series of experiments which unearthed what is now termed photobiostimulation (Cartwright, 2002). Photobiostimulation is much like photosynthesis in plants. All human cells contain mitochondria that produce energy to allow for cell function, and many chemical reactions take place inside the mitochondria. The Krebs cycle of metabolism occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria, releasing energy from the chemical bonds 7PDF Image | Light Therapy on Pain and Swelling vs Collegiate Athletes
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