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Nicolau and colleagues (2002) from Brazil demonstrated the positive effect of LLLT on the stimulation of bone in mice with latent promotion of bone remodulation at injury sites without changes in bone architecture, increased bone volume and increased osteoblast surface through increased resorption and formation of bone with higher apposition rates. A positive effect on bony implants has been demonstrated by Dörtbudak (2002) and Guzzardella (2003).xxv An animal trial of 4 weeks' duration was conducted on osseous defects of 2.7 mm diameter made in each parietal bone of 20 rats (20 additional rats received placebo treatment). A GaAlAs diode laser was applied immediately after surgery and then daily for 6 consecutive days. Five rats from each group were killed on day 14 and the remainder on day 28 postoperatively. At both time points the tissue samples from the experimental animals contained significantly more calcium, phosphorus, and protein than the controls. Similarly, histological analyses disclosed more pronounced angiogenesis and connective tissue formation, and more advanced bone formation in the experimental group than in the controls.xxvi The effect of HeNe laser on the healing of tibial bone fractures in rats: 63 J (35mW) was given transcutaneously daily over the fracture area. After 4 weeks the tibia was removed and tested at tension up to failure. The maximal load at failure and the structural stiffness of the tibia were found to be elevated significantly in the irradiated group, whereas the extension maximal load was reduced. In addition, gross non-union was found in four fractures in the control group, compared to none in the irradiated group.xxvii Pain Reduction from Light Therapy The pain reduction effects of light therapy have been extensively researched and documented in numerous clinical studies and medical papers. While much remains to learn with respect to the various mechanisms through which light therapy achieves pain reduction, there is a wealth of knowledge currently available to demonstrate the effectiveness of laser therapy in this regard. Because the pain amelioration capabilities of light therapy are accomplished via the combination of local and systemic actions —utilizing enzymatic, chemical and physical interventions — the process is very complex. However, there is a preponderance of medical evidence that justifies a conclusion that effective pain reductions and accelerated tissue healing can be achieved via light therapy. Following are processes and events that are promoted by light therapy. Mechanisms of Action for Light Therapies Mechanisms of Action: Nitric Oxide One of the most important mechanisms of action for light therapy is release of nitric oxide. A naturally occurring chemical in the body, nitric oxide is a key signaling molecule which can set off a number of beneficial effects. Most notably, it has a critical role in promoting blood flow to tissues. It also indirectly inhibits inflammation processes, thus reducing inflammation. In acute inflammatory responses, such as sudden injury, large increases in nitric oxide levels can play a role in increased pain. However, within the nervous tissues smaller levels of nitric oxide release, as stimulated by light therapies, can paradoxically have pain reducing effects. This was demonstrated in an animal model by Mrowiec et al in which they showed that an inhibitor of nitric oxide signaling blocks the analgesic effect of low power laser on intact rats. The benefits of light therapy are that they reduce the discomfort of pain and inflammation while promoting blood flow and the body’s tissue repair mechanisms. Mechanisms of Action in Healing: Mobilization of endogenous chemical or protein signals for adult stem cell engraftment Recent work has shed light on the underlying mechanisms of tissue repair within the body. Conboyxxviii et al, investigated the influence of systemic factors on aged progenitor cells ofPDF Image | Mechanisms of Action for Infrared Light on Tissue Healing
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