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NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACH 143 405 nm 532 nm 658 nm 810 nm 1 Hemoglobin Water Melanin 0.1 100 nm 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Wavelength, nm Changes of the Laser Beam in Tissues A laser penetrating biological tissue triggers refraction, impact, and diffusion effects of the penetrating photons. Therefore, metal and laser needles can only be compared to a limited extent. The diffusion of light particles leads to a kind of photon fog that causes an enlargement of the beam in the tissue, thus limiting the penetration depth. Additional absorption phenomena occur in the tissue; on the one hand, unspecified through pigments, and on the other hand, specif- ically at triggering biological effects. Such limiting phe- nomena can be pronounced to a lesser extent; the smaller is the above-mentioned applicator surface of the laser needle applied directly to the skin. How can these disturbing effects be minimized and pos- itive effects be maximized? Reflection effects can be mini- mized by applying the laser needle directly to the skin, while using a smaller applicator surface that will reduce diffusion. The unspecified absorption of the laser light in the tissue can be reduced by slightly pressing the needle into the skin to displace the tissue fluid with a minimum absorption through typical skin pigments. Which Wavelengths Should Be Used? Consideration concerning the optimum wavelength is based on the absorption behavior of the tissues with regard to laser light with various wavelengths (Figure 2).11 There is a reputed therapeutical gap in the tissue’s absorption spec- trum between 650 nm and 900 nm in the red and infrared range, in which the absorption is minimized and a maximum tissue penetration depth can be expected. (This is why, e.g., green lasers, in the range of 500 nm with a low penetration depth, are suitable only for ear acupuncture or other super- ficial points.) Which Penetration Depths Can Be Expected? This question is difficult to answer; in addition to the ap- plied wavelength and the power density described above, various other parameters such as tissue pigments and turgor must be considered. A well-focused laser beam in the red light range cannot exceed a penetration depth of approxi- TABLE 1. DIMINUTION OF 500-MW GREEN, RED, AND INFRARED LASERS IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUE FIG. 2. Absorption of different wavelengths in biological tissue. 500-mW Laser at output, by depth Green Red Infrared 1 mm 0.5 mW 50 mW 250 mW 6 mm 0.0001 mW 0.0005 mW 8 mW AbsorptionPDF Image | Needles of Light: A New Therapeutic Approach
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