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et al demonstrated histochemical evidence of a beneficial effect [37]. NFTs, hyperphosphorylated tau-protein, and oxidative stress markers were reduced to near wildtype levels and PBM treatment also reduced Aβ-plaques in both number and in size. De Taboada et al used a GaAIAs diode laser with a wavelength of 808 nm ± 10 nm to deliver increasing doses, from 4.8 J/cm2 (1.2 J/cm2 at cortical surface) to 48 J/cm2 (12 J/cm2 at cortical surface), three times per week for a total duration of six months on transgenic mice engineered to develop Aβ-plaques [38]. Their results show an attenuation of amyloid development, leading to the conclusion that an early and regular administration of PBM has the potential to halt progression from MCI to AD. 2 Applications of Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Human Subjects Supporting its Therapeutic Value for Neurological Use In an opinion article by Gonzalez-Lima and Barret [17], the authors summarize how the development of photobiomodulation (PBM) has evolved over the last 40 years to a point where it is beginning to be used for cognitive-enhancing applications. They built a placebo controlled study focusing on the beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans upon this opinion, and already two weeks after a single therapy session a significant improvement was observed [39]. These beneficial effects are reflected in improvements in reaction time in a sustained-attention psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), in a delayed match-to-sample memory task (DMS), and a self-reported Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X). Blanco et al then used the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) directly after receiving the PBM treatment to assess the effects of transcranial infrared laser stimulation on executive function in a placebo controlled study on healthy human participants [40]. Here, low level laser light at a wavelength of 1064 nm and power density of 250 mW/cm2 was applied to two locations on the right portion of the forehead for a total of four minutes per site. The total supplied dose of this study again corresponds to the ones stated above, being 60 J/cm2 per site, and the treatment group performed significantly better than the control group during a WCST performed. Enengl, Dungel #neverforget – PBM vs AD: A Systematic Review Page 10 of 25PDF Image | Photobiomodulation Against Alzheimer’s Disease
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