PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 013
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2370 13 of 20 increased the level of ROS and consequently cells exposed to oxidative stress exhibited significant changes in mitochondrial permeability transition and activation of Caspase-3 [61,62]. These studies support our findings of reduced oxidative stress and enhanced mitochondrial function triggered by RL. As α-crystallins are linked to cellular GSH levels, we assume participation of activating antioxidants through RL, in particular GSH [63]. Nevertheless, some studies report increased expression of α-crystallins in RPE and retina following light exposure as well [64,65]. However, distinct functions of α-crystallins are still under debate, as they can be pro- or anti-inflammatory in different retinal disease models [66–70]. Further investigation will be needed to elucidate the role of α-crystallins concerning PBM. Our results provide an improved understanding of the multiple RL and NIRL-triggered neuroprotective defense mechanisms that allow photoreceptor rescue. Data show that the target of RL and NIRL is indeed the oxidative metabolism of the photoreceptor, similar to the BL-induced damage. RL and NIRL demonstrates neuroprotective activities to rescue the deadly consequences of OXPHOS impairment in terms of hypo-metabolism (i.e., low ATP content) and oxidative stress, in turn triggering apoptosis, caused either by Bax translocation on the mitochondrial membrane or cytochrome c exit from the IS mitochondria or the OS disks. This reveals a mechanism targeting the respiratory chain, both in their mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial location. Our findings suggest the use of PBM as a noninvasive additive therapeutic treatment for numerous retinal diseases linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. The next step for transferring the results into a more therapeutic direction would be to initiate a follow-up study using an in vivo model. 4. Materials and Methods 4.1. Animals All animal experiments were approved by the ethics committee of the TU Dresden and the license for removal of organs was provided by the Landesdirektion Dresden (Az.: 24D-9168.24-1/2007-27). All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations 4.2. Organ Culture and Irradiation with Light On postnatal day 24±4, C57BL/6 mice of either sex were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The eyes were cultivated according to the established organotypic model of photoreceptors [29,30]. To enable fluid exchange, the eyeballs were punctured with a needle to create a small hole and were transferred in a six-well plate filled with 1 mL DMEM/F12 medium per well containing 10% fetal calf serum, 2% B-27 supplement (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, CA, USA, 1% penicillin-streptomycin and 2 mM glutamine. To fixate the eye position, the eyes were positioned in a cell culture insert (Corning® Transwell® polyester membrane cell culture inserts 24 mm Transwell, 0.4 μm pore) in six-well plates, so that their corneas faced the light sources. The eyes were incubated at 37 ◦C, with a CO2 level of about 5% in a cell culture incubator (Figure S8). After blue light (BL) irradiation, eyes were post-irradiated with red light (670 nm) or near-infrared light (810 nm) for 10 min. Next, the eyes were directly analyzed or further cultivated. The eyes were grouped based on their exposure to light and their total cultivation time (Figure 1A). For early event analysis, the eyes were irradiated for 30 min with BL, followed by 10 min RL or NIRL irradiation and direct analysis (Figure 1B). For late event analysis, the eyes were irradiated for 6 h with BL, followed by 10-min RL or NIRL irradiation and 3-h postcultivation (Figure 1C). Blue light irradiation with a wavelength of 405 nm and an output power of 1 mW/cm2 was applied for 30 min delivering 1.8 J/cm2 of energy or for 6 h delivering 21.6 J/cm2, respectively. It was produced by an LED-based system (# LZ1-00UA05 BIN U8; LedEngin) that was constructed and established in our lab. RL illumination with a wavelength of 670 nm and an output power of 60 mW/cm2 was applied for 9 min, delivering 32.4 J/cm2 of energy. It was used repeatedly in six 90 sec treatments. NIRL illumination with a wavelength of 810 nm and an output power of 60 mW/cm2 was applied forPDF Image | Photobiomodulation Mediates Neuroprotection against Retinal
PDF Search Title:
Photobiomodulation Mediates Neuroprotection against RetinalOriginal File Name Searched:
ijms-21-02370.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Cruise Ship Reviews | Luxury Resort | Jet | Yacht | and Travel Tech More Info
Cruising Review Topics and Articles More Info
Software based on Filemaker for the travel industry More Info
The Burgenstock Resort: Reviews on CruisingReview website... More Info
Resort Reviews: World Class resorts... More Info
The Riffelalp Resort: Reviews on CruisingReview website... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@cruisingreview.com | RSS | AMP |