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陨灶贼 允 韵责澡贼澡葬造皂燥造熏 灾燥造援 9熏 晕燥援 1熏 Jan.18, 圆园16 www. IJO. cn 栽藻造押8629原愿圆圆源缘员苑圆 8629-82210956 耘皂葬蚤造押ijopress岳员远猿援糟燥皂 窑Review窑 Photobiomodulation for the treatment of retinal diseases: a review Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Center for Vision Research, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA Correspondence to: Ivayla I. Geneva. Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Center for Vision Research, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA. geneva.ivayla@gmail.com Received: 2015-06-03 Accepted: 2015-07-23 Abstract ·Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low level laser therapy, has recently risen to the attention of the ophthalmology community as a promising new approach to treat a variety of retinal conditions including age - related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, amblyopia, methanol -induced retinal damage, and possibly others. This review evaluates the existing research pertaining to PBM applications in the retina, with a focus on the mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes. All available literature until April 2015 was reviewed using PubMed and the following keywords: "photobiomodulation AND retina", "low level light therapy AND retina", "low level laser therapy AND retina", and "FR/NIR therapy AND retina". In addition, the relevant references listed within the papers identified through PubMed were incorporated. The literature supports the conclusion that the low -cost and non - invasive nature of PBM, coupled with the first promising clinical reports and the numerous preclinical-studies in animal models, make PBM well -poised to become an important player in the treatment of a wide range of retinal disorders. Nevertheless, large-scale clinical trials will be necessary to establish the PBM therapeutic ranges for the various retinal diseases, as well as to gain a deeper understanding of its mechanisms of action. · KEYWORDS: photobiomodulation; low level laser therapy; age-related macular degeneration; retinopathy of prematurity; far-red to near-infrared; retinal degeneration; amblyopia; retinitis pigmentosa; methanol toxicity DOI:10.18240/ijo.2016.01.24 Geneva II. Photobiomodulation for the treatment of retinal diseases: a review. 2016;9(1):145-152 INTRODUCTION T he therapeutic qualities of red light had been known to mankind for centuries. In the current modern era, we refer to this practice as low level laser therapy, also known as photobiomodulation (PBM) and far-red to near-infrared (FR/NIR) light therapy. It consists of series of brief illumination with FR/NIR light (600-1000 nm) from a laser or a light emitting diode (LED). The long wavelengths allow for high tissue penetration and PBM therapy is currently applied to wound healing, reduction in neurologic pain, healing after peripheral nerve injury, stroke, and heart attacks. One of the most recent applications of PBM offers an innovative and non-invasive therapeutic approach to a host of challenging sight- threatening retinal conditions. Potential targets include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, methanol-induced retinal damage, and possibly others. This review begins with a historical perspective on the role of PBM in medicine and its mechanisms. Later sections focus on the existing and future applications for the treatment of retinal diseases in both animal models and human subjects. Photobiomodulation over the Centuries Red light had been valued in the practice of medicine since antiquity[1]. The utility of red light appears to be "re-discovered" at the end of the 18th century by Finsen [2-4] who later became to be known as the "father of contemporary phototherapy" for his astonishing achievements of curing skin disorders such as small blisters using red light and lupus vulgaris using UV light. These successes won him the 1903 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[5]. It is believed that the medical usefulness of FR/NIR light had been "re-discovered" for a second time upon the invention of the laser in the 1960s[1,6]. It happened thanks to an unexpected research outcome where Mester [7] attempted to use laser-derived 694 nm light to induce skin cancer in mice. Prior to the experiment, the mouse fur atop the location where the light would be applied was shaved. To the researchers' surprise, the subsequent 694 nm light treatment not only failed to induce cancer but instead caused the fur to re-grow faster in the treated mice compared with the 145PDF Image | Photobiomodulation for the treatment of retinal diseases
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