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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2531 5 of 18 2.8. Statistical Analysis All experiments were conducted in triplicate. Statistically significant differences were identified by one-way ANOVA performed on data with a 5% level of probability (p < 0.05) using GraphPad Prism software 8.1.2. followed by a pairwise mean comparison Tukey’s test conducted where differences were detected. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Effect of Light Colors on Biomass and Lipid Yield in Mixotrophic and Autotrophic Conditions For the mixotrophic conditions, two different carbon sources were used by supplementing the standard L1 media with 1% glucose (W1, Y1, and R1) or 1% glycine (W2, Y2, and R2). The highest biomass was achieved under the red light condition compared to white or yellow light (Figure 1A). Specifically, the level of biomass productivity obtained in autotrophic growth (R) was significantly higher by 1.16 and 1.05-fold compared to W and Y autotrophic conditions, respectively. Our results are in agreement with multiple studies that have reported an increased higher production rate of Scenedesmus sp. under red and blue light [25] and Nannochloropsis sp. under red and yellow light [26]. No additional biomass was obtained in R1 or R2 conditions compared to R, suggesting that mixotrophic conditions are less interesting for an industrial application. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 22 Figure 1. Analysis of P. tricornutum biomass (A) and lipid yield (B) in mixotrophic and autotrophic Figure 1. Analysis of P. tricornutum biomass (A) and lipid yield (B) in mixotrophic and autotrophic conditionsuncodnedritdioinffseurnednertdcioffleorernstocoflloirgshoft.ligAhbt.bArbebvreiavitaitoionsforrththeecocnodintidonitsiaornesWa:rwehWite,:Rw:rheidt,ea,nRd:red,andY: Y: yellow, W1, R1 and Y1 refer to L1 media supplemented with 1% glucose, whereas W2, R2, and Y2 yellow, W1, R1 and Y1 refer to L1 media supplemented with 1% glucose, whereas W2, R2, and Y2 refer refer to the L1 media supplemented with 1% glycine. Each bar represents the average of three to the L1 media supplemented with 1% glycine. Each bar represents the average of three replicates, replicates, and error bars represent standard deviation. Means with different letters above the bars and error barcsorrepsproensdentotssigtnainficdaanrtdifdfervenicaetsiocanlc.uMlatedanusinwgiththe mduiffltieprlent-telset.tTteherscoalubmonvseidthenetifbieadrswcitohrrespond to different letters (a–c) are significantly different using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) significant differences calculated using the multiple t-test. The columns identified with different letters followed by a pairwise mean comparison Tukey’s test where differences were detected (n = 3, p < (a–c) are significantly different using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a pairwise 0.05). mean comparison Tukey’s test where differences were detected (n = 3, p < 0.05). The lipid production of P. tricornutum was only different, and significantly higher, in red light autotrophic (R) or mixotrophic supplemented with glycine (R2) conditions (Figure 1B). The latter was expected, as studies have reported an increase in biomass and lipids by multi-fold under mixotrophic conditions in different species [27,28]. Furthermore, many studies have shown a positive trend of red light with an increase in the specific growth rate and lipid production in Chlorella, Botryococcus, and Nannochloropsis [7,26,29]. Another study showed a positive trend of the combined impact of red and blue light on biomass productivity and fucoxanthin production in P. tricornutum [30]. However,PDF Image | Red Light Variation Lipid Profiles in Phaeodactylum tricornutum
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