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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2531 11 of 18 and R induced the production of monounsaturated fatty acids as compared to RS. The total percent of saturation and unsaturation—especially the amount of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—will have an impact on the biodiesel fuel properties [60]. The results showed that the cetane number (CN), which determines the ignition quality of the fuel, is higher in P. tricornutum cultured in R and RS as compared to W (Table 5). It is known that the higher the CN, the better the ignition of the fuel and vice versa [57]. Literature studies have also mentioned that increases in the degree of unsaturation lead to decreases in CN viscosity, which is a useful measure for monitoring oxidation progression. As reported, fuels with high viscosity meeting the international standards have better lubricating quality, which increases the life of the engine [61]. In the same study, there is a relationship between hydrocarbon (HC) emission and viscosity. The HC emissions increase with decreasing viscosity [61]. In our study, the viscosity is lower in all the conditions comparing the standard requirement of EN 14214:2008, but it meets the requirement of ASTM D6751. Table 4. Fatty acid composition of total lipid in P. tricornutum cultured in different conditions such as full spectrum of white light (W), red light (R), or red light shift (RS). Major fatty acids are identified as the mass percent of total fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids are expressed as the sum of all fatty acids with that chain length. Data are the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments. C:D Relative Fatty Acids (%) W R RS Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) 14:0 8.64 ± 0.17 16:0 15.18 ± 2.64 18:0 0.40 ± 0.10 20:0 0.07 ± 0.01 22:0 0.16 ± 0.01 24:0 1.32 ± 0.11 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) 14:1 0.08 ± 0.02 16:1 30.11 ± 1.38 18:1 1.08 ± 0.46 20:1 0.04 ± 0.02 22:1 0.17 ± 0.04 24:1 0.17 ± 0.02 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Omega-3 18:3n-3 0.44 ± 0.06 18:4n-3 0.21 ± 0.06 20:3n-3 0.06 ± 0.03 20:4n-3 0.18 ± 0.01 20:5n-3 22.53 ± 1.23 22:5n-3 0.19 ± 0.18 22:6n-3 2.23 ± 1.96 Omega-6 16:2n-6 0.94 ± 0.20 16:3n-6 0.96 ± 0.22 18:2n-6 1.41 ± 0.25 18:3n-6 0.18 ± 0.11 20:2n-6 0.09 ± 0.03 20:3n-6 0.05 ± 0.02 20:4n-6 0.33 ± 0.8 22:4n-6 0.03 ± 0.01 22:5n-6 0.02 ± 0.01 7.54 ± 0.02 14.80 ± 1.80 0.39 ± 0.06 0.08 ± 0.01 0.19 ± 0.01 1.30 ± 0.02 0.09 ± 0.01 30.25 ± 1.74 1.07 ± 0.17 0.06 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.04 0.21 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.02 21.59 ± 1.98 0.16 ± 0.04 1.72 ± 0.08 1.13 ± 0.11 0.60 ± 0.15 1.51 ± 0.13 0.23 ± 0.03 0.10 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.05 0.02 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 8.39 ± 0.55 15.24 ± 3.67 0.42 ± 0.13 0.08 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02 1.41 ± 0.03 0.08 ± 0.01 27.27 ± 1.65 1.05 ± 0.39 0.08 ± 0.03 0.14 ± 0.04 0.16 ± 0.04 0.41 ± 0.04 0.23 ± 0.05 0.06 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.04 22.15 ± 3.24 0.18 ± 0.06 1.96 ± 0.27 1.16 ± 0.19 0.76 ± 0.25 1.62 ± 0.021 0.21 ± 0.08 0.08 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.08 0.02 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01PDF Image | Red Light Variation Lipid Profiles in Phaeodactylum tricornutum
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