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molecules Review Role of Photoactive Phytocompounds in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer Kasipandi Muniyandi 1,2 , Blassan George 1 , Thangaraj Parimelazhagan 2 and Heidi Abrahamse 1,* 1 Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; kasim@uj.ac.za (K.M.); blassang@uj.ac.za (B.G.) Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India; drparimel@buc.edu.in 2 * Correspondence: habrahamse@uj.ac.za Academic Editor: José Antonio Lupiáñez Received: 30 July 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 8 September 2020 Abstract: Cancer is one of the greatest life-threatening diseases conventionally treated using chemo- and radio-therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach to eradicate different types of cancers. PDT requires the administration of photosensitisers (PSs) and photoactivation using a specific wavelength of light in the presence of molecular oxygen. This photoactivation exerts an anticancer effect via apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy of cancer cells. Recently, various natural compounds that exhibit photosensitising potentials have been identified. Photoactive substances derived from medicinal plants have been found to be safe in comparison with synthetic compounds. Many articles have focused on PDT mechanisms and types of PSs, but limited attention has been paid to the phototoxic activities of phytocompounds. The reduced toxicity and side effects of natural compounds inspire the researchers to identify and use plant extracts or phytocompounds as a potent natural PS candidate for PDT. This review focusses on the importance of common photoactive groups (furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, thiophenes, curcumins, alkaloids, and anthraquinones), their phototoxic effects, anticancer activity and use as a potent PS for an effective PDT outcome in the treatment of various cancers. Keywords: photodynamic therapy; cancer; photosensitiser; natural compounds 1. Introduction Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases reported in developed as well as developing countries [1]. It is mainly characterised by the uncontrolled cell growth and development of normal cells due to genetic alterations or exposure to the carcinogenic substances. The mutation of normal cells leads to abnormal cellular proliferation and develops into tumour [2]; this can be either benign, premalignant (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) [3,4]. Presently surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy either as monotherapy or as combined treatments are used in the treatment of cancer. However, these treatments frequently stimulate redundant side effects [2]. Many of the current chemotherapeutic drugs are of low molecular weight with high pharmacokinetic profiles [4]. Hence, in order to achieve the bioavailability and cytotoxicity induction, the drugs are administrated in high concentrations. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), photoactive drugs are generally administered systemically, but because of the precise application of light from the laser source, the cytotoxicity is attained in the tumour location. Due to the lesser drug specificity and toxicity to healthy cells, the chemotherapeutic drugs used in cancer treatments need to be improved. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising minimally invasive therapy for the treatment of cancer. This involves the administration of photosensitiser (PS) and subsequent excitation of PS by light irradiation at a specific wavelength. The excited PS then reacts with cellular oxygen and Molecules 2020, 25, 4102; doi:10.3390/molecules25184102 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesPDF Image | Role of Photoactive Phytocompounds in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
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