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Molecules 2020, 25, 4102 11 of 22 Molecules 2020, 25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 22 FiFgiugurere4.4C. Coommmoonnmmoolelceuculalrartatragrgetestsofofmmajaojrorpphohtootaocatcitvievecocmompopuonudnsd.s. 5.2. Polyacetylene and Thiophenes 5.2. Polyacetylene and Thiophenes These group compounds are characterised by a triple bond carbon–carbon molecule [75] and These group compounds are characterised by a triple bond carbon–carbon molecule [75] and thiophenes compounds. Generally, the aliphatic compounds conjugated with three or more acetylenic thiophenes compounds. Generally, the aliphatic compounds conjugated with three or more bonds are considered phototoxic in nature. Among these, polyacetylenes compounds can produce 1 acetylenic bonds are considered phototoxic in nature. Among these, polyacetylenes compounds can O2 under1irradiation and thiophenes can provide high photo yield, leading to type 2 PDT reaction produce O2 under irradiation and thiophenes can provide high photo yield, leading to type 2 PDT yields [105]. The polyacetylene and thiophenes compounds were reported to be activated or excited at reaction yields [105]. The polyacetylene and thiophenes compounds were reported to be activated or a wavelength range of 314–350 nm absorbance maximum for the relevant photobiological effects [75]. excited at a wavelength range of 314–350 nm absorbance maximum for the relevant photobiological The derivatives of these compounds were reported with a variety of potent biological activities, effects [75]. The derivatives of these compounds were reported with a variety of potent biological including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumour, and antimicrobial activities. Some of the derivatives activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumour, and antimicrobial activities. Some of substituted by pyrimidines show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumour activities. A few the derivatives substituted by pyrimidines show antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumour numbers of thiophenes were reported for their cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines. Echinops activities. A few numbers of thiophenes were reported for their cytotoxic effects against human grijisii root-derived thiophenes exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60, K562 and MCF-7 cells [106]. cancer cell lines. Echinops grijisii root-derived thiophenes exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60, K562 Notably, derivatives such as thioxopyrimidine and thiazolopyrimidine were reported to possess and MCF-7 cells [106]. Notably, derivatives such as thioxopyrimidine and thiazolopyrimidine were anticancer activities against MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer), reported to possess anticancer activities against MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non- and SF-268 (CNS cancer) cells. These acetylenic compounds and derivatives when combined with small cell lung cancer), and SF-268 (CNS cancer) cells. These acetylenic compounds and derivatives PDT might improve the efficacy of various cancer treatments [107–112]. The UV irradiation of some when combined with PDT might improve the efficacy of various cancer treatments [107–112]. The thiophenes also showed increased cytotoxic activities [113]; this might be due to their instable nature UV irradiation of some thiophenes also showed increased cytotoxic activities [113]; this might be due under UV radiation. Hence, the UV irradiation of polyacetylene and thiophene compounds can form to their instable nature under UV radiation. Hence, the UV irradiation of polyacetylene and thiophene free radicals that would induce cell death. Due to the ability to produce ROS after irradiation, these compounds can form free radicals that would induce cell death. Due to the ability to produce ROS compounds can be used as an alternative PS from natural sources. after irradiation, these compounds can be used as an alternative PS from natural sources. 5.3. Curcumins Curcumin (CU) is a plant-based therapeutic compound isolated from rhizome of Curcuma longa of the Zingiberaceae family. Curcuminoid is one of the most extensively studied plant-derivedPDF Image | Role of Photoactive Phytocompounds in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
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