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molecules Article Synergistic Effects of Photo-Irradiation and Curcumin-Chitosan/Alginate Nanoparticles on Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Induced Psoriasis-Like Proliferation of Keratinocytes Clinton Gomez 1,2 , Chawanphat Muangnoi 2,3, Feaungthit Niyamissara Sorasitthiyanukarn 2,4, Jongkonnee Wongpiyabovorn 5, Pornchai Rojsitthisak 2,6 and Pranee Rojsitthisak 2,4,* 1 2 3 4 5 6 * Corresponding: pranee.l@chula.ac.th; Tel.: +662-218-4221; Fax: +662-611-7586 Academic Editor: Jyh-Ping Chen Received: 22 February 2019; Accepted: 5 April 2019; Published: 9 April 2019 Biomedicinal Chemistry Program, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; cbgomez@up.edu.ph Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; chawanphat.mua@gmail.com (C.M.); Feuangthit.N@chula.ac.th (F.N.S.); pornchai.r@chula.ac.th (P.R.) Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune Mediated Diseases, Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; jongkonneew@gmail.com Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand Abstract: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation of the epidermal cells and is clinically presented as thick, bright red to pink plaques with a silvery scale. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using visible light has become of increasing interest in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that a combination of curcumin-loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles (Cur-CS/Alg NPs) and blue light emitting diodes (LED) light irradiation effectively suppressed the hyperproliferation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced cultured human kerlatinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The Cur-CS/Alg NPs were fabricated by emulsification of curcumin in aqueous sodium alginate solution and ionotropic gelation with calcium chloride and chitosan using an optimized formulation derived from a Box-Behnken design. The fabricated Cur-CS/Alg NPs were characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity. The surrogate 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, to measure the relative number of viable cells, showed that the CS/Alg NPs were nontoxic to normal HaCaT cells, while 0.05 μg/mL and 0.1 μg/mL of free curcumin and Cur-CS/Alg NPs inhibited the hyperproliferation of HaCaT cells induced by TNF-α. However, the Cur-CS/Alg NPs demonstrated a stronger effect than the free curcumin, especially when combined with blue light irradiation (10 J/cm2) from an LED-based illumination device. Therefore, the Cur-CS/Alg NPs with blue LED light could be potentially developed into an effective PDT system for the treatment of psoriasis. Keywords: photo-irradiation; curcumin; chitosan/alginate nanoparticles; psoriasis; LED light Molecules 2019, 24, 1388; doi:10.3390/molecules24071388 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesPDF Image | Synergistic Effects of Photo-Irradiation and Curcumin-Chitosan
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