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2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Light therapy and its physiological effects in animals Light therapy works on a cellular level and stimulates the formation of an excited state of oxygen (reactive oxidised series) which in turn stimulates cellular energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Light therapy stimulates the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondria, ATP production is enhanced by light therapy known as coherent light (Rose, 2017). The optimal wavelength energises the cytochrome B structure allowing the structure to donate electrons to the electron transport chain at a greater rate to increase the production of ATP (Rose, 2017). Cytochrome B structure is a small protein which is water soluble and is an essential component in the electron transport chain and in the formation of ATP. As ATP is known as the cells power house and energy source, it is the source of energy the body needs in order to heal itself (Wesley et al., 2007). This therefore suggests that light therapy can encourage the natural process of healing as an increase in ATP stimulates DNA and RNA synthesis which are needed to start the healing process (Rose, 2017). In order for light therapy to be effective light absorption needs to be considered. Light absorptions are dependent on wavelength and when tissues are targeted with the appropriate wavelength it causes primary reactions in the in the mitochondria, this then begins a cycle of secondary responses (Photo signal transduction and amplification) in the cytoplasm and the nucleus and membranes, enabling the appropriate response (Chaves et al., 2014). This is shown in The Karu Model (Figure 1) 3PDF Image | THE EFFECT OF LIGHT THERAPY ON HEART RATE, HORSES
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