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Introduction 1.1 The Built Environment In the modern era, humans spend much of their time in built environments. From schools and office buildings to restaurants and concert venues, it is inarguable that architecture has a profound effect on daily life. Understanding the intricate ways in which the built environment affects human behavior, particularly in terms of cognition and emotion, can lead to the creation of functionally optimal spaces (Banaei, Hatami, Yazdanfar, & Gramann, 2017). Modifying even the minutia of our built environment, such as the paint color of a wall, appears to impact the overall perception of the space. For example, a previous study showed that variation in interior colors in a store affected participants’ perception of the store as being either “high luxury” or “low luxury,” as well as influencing overall store preference (Cho & Lee, 2017). In a school context, one study found that wall color had an effect on students’ reading and writing progress, but not their math progress, implying potentially complex relationships between interior design and execution of cognitive skills (Barrett, Davies, Zhang, & Barrett, 2016). There seems to be a delicate balance between colors that feel inviting, and colors that are distracting. This balance ultimately affects what type of environment is optimal for a specific activity. For instance, there is evidence that preschoolers in an environment with lots of bright colors have a more difficult time focusing on tasks (Stern-Ellran, Zilcha-Mano, Sebba, & Binnun, 2016). This is presumably because they have not yet learned how to filter out extraneous information from their environments and, therefore, they focus their attention on design components of the classrooms themselves rather than the learning materials. However, one can imagine that being surrounded by stark, blank walls would also make children feel trapped, uncomfortable, bored, or uninspired. The way the environment affects brain activity, cognition, and behavior is nuanced and complex. Thus, when creating spaces, one must consider not only the function of the space, but also the specific groupPDF Image | The Effects of Lighting Design on Mood, Attention, and Stress
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