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6 possible reason for why photoperiod and SAD are linked is because of the connection between sunlight and serotonin. People prone to SAD are more likely to have a serotonin transporter, SERT, that decreases the amount of available serotonin. Sunlight keeps levels of SERT lower, which means in seasons with shorter photoperiods (or in times where there is more cloud cover) SERT levels will be higher (McMahon et al., 2016). It is also possible, although not proven, that people with SAD overproduce melatonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulated circadian rhythms, and that during the shorter photoperiod they are more likely to overproduce melatonin, causing them to become more lethargic and sleepy (Melrose, 2015). Over 90% of physicians say that they recommend SAD lamps, lights created specifically to imitate sunlight, for treating SAD (Winkler-Pjrek et al., 2017). These lamps have been considered the standard treatment of the disorder since the 1990s (Anderson et al., 2016). Investigating SAD in a place like Portland, Oregon, famous for its rain and dreary days, seems appropriate. Unfortunately, SAD is often targeted by marketers who take advantage of there being no actual criteria for what counts as a SAD lamp. SAD is often confused and misaligned with vitamin D deficiencies, and while the two can certainly coexist there is no evidence that the relationship is more than a correlation that comes from a lack of sun exposure. Although there is evidence that Vitamin D deficiencies have been correlated with depressive symptoms in young women, there is no evidence that Vitamin D has a causal effect on depression, seasonal or not (Kerr et al., 2015). Although this thesis will primarily focus on the use of light therapy in relation to SAD, light therapy is also being used to treat other illnesses, including adult attention deficit disorder, and Parkinson’s disease (Terman, 2007). Light therapy is also being considered for treatment of comorbid major depression and type 2 diabetes because past research has shown insulin sensitivity to be affected by circadian rhythms (Brouwer et al., 2015). The number of applications of light therapy implies that there may be more mechanical actions happening behind the scenes that need to be investigated further. Lighting design has many potentially advantageous applications that should be thoroughly investigated and assessed.PDF Image | The Effects of Lighting Design on Mood, Attention, and Stress
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