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1.3.3 Light Therapy Lamps The lamps normally used to treat SAD vary in their color temperature and illuminance, but they are often full spectrum and produce 10,000 lux when 20 cm away from the eye. Specifications on individual products vary considerably because no exact definition of what constitutes a “SAD lamp” exists. Thus, misleading marketing can obscure what, exactly, the mechanisms are behind these products and what specifications are most relevant for therapeutically decreasing SAD. Studies have found that blue lights at 17,000°K with only 750 lux can be just as affective at treating SAD as 10,000 lux, 5000°K lights (Meesters, Dekker, Schlangen, Bos, & Ruiter, 2011; Meesters, Winthorst, Duiizer, & Hommes, 2016). Intrinsically photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells in the eye have been shown to react to 470-490 nm of blue light wavelengths, impacting circadian rhythms. Unlike rods or cones, photoreceptive ganglion cells are non-image forming; these cells simply react to the presence of light (Meesters, Dekker, Schlangen, Bos, & Ruiter, 2011). These photoreceptive ganglion cells send signals to the superchiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus and impact the secretion of melatonin, thus affecting circadian rhythms. Blue light adversely influences sleep at night, specifically, when one should be resting, even though there is evidence that exposure to blue light during the day does not affect circadian rhythms (Duffy & Czeisler, 2009; Hatori et al., 2017). This is why it has recently become common to recommend turning off computers and cell phones, both emitters of blue light, at night in order to get better sleep (Heo et al., 2017). Trials using lights with 470-490 nm wavelengths have been shown to improve the effects of SAD. Interestingly, there is no evidence of blue-enriched light actually treating SAD significantly better than white light, although blue light has been shown to be superior to red light (Anderson et al., 2016; Gordijn, ‘t Mannetje, & Meesters, 2012; Meesters, Dekker, Schlangen, Bos, & Ruiter, 2011; Meesters, Winthorst, Duijzer, & Hommes, 2016). Therefore, it seems that the impact of light on chronobiology (in this case, specifically circadian rhythms) is a specific and important factor to consider in the treatment of SAD, since other types of light have not been shown to have the same effect. 7PDF Image | The Effects of Lighting Design on Mood, Attention, and Stress
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