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32 properly measure their emotional state. This would not be an error due to lack of sensitivity or lack of effect, but rather just a flawed measure. Another limitation was that the same POMS-SF measure was taken twice in each session, once before exposure to the light, and once after. It is possible that participants remembered their responses from the first questionnaire and intentionally tried to maintain consistency when completing the second questionnaire. Heart rate may not have actually fully captured the physiological arousal of the participants as well a measure of skin conductance or cortisol would have. While stress can be determined by heart rate, heart rate’s variability can make it a less precise measure than assessing the amount of cortisol one has in their system. This measurement is also very easily influenced, with a marked change in the heart rate of participants when the researcher was present and when the participant was alone. 4.2.2 Possibility of Null Effect This study may have been accurate in its findings and, contrary to other studies, in this case, lighting condition could have no effect on the constructs measured in this study. Although contrary to previous literature, it is also possible that there is no effect of lighting condition on these constructs at all. This would imply that previously published literature erroneously reported effects of lighting. It is possible that this could be because of the methods used in the studies. A meta-analysis reported that many of the studies on the effects of SAD lamps on seasonal depression have methodological issues that affect their quality (Mårtensson, Pettersson, Berglund, & Ekselius, 2015). Therefore, it is possible that due to a lack of methodological control the effects of lighting are being exaggerated or erroneously observed. It is also possible that the subjective opinions people have on lighting conditions could also influence the outcomes of studies. Personal preferences for certain lights may have affected participant’s psychological state more than the effects of blue light on their photoreceptive ganglion cells. This would explain the unexpected pattern of results shown across the POMS-SF, as a participant’s subjective idea of a “favorite” lighting condition would possibly skew their emotive response to that lighting condition. If this preference did, in fact, influence participant’s emotional state, it is also possible that itPDF Image | The Effects of Lighting Design on Mood, Attention, and Stress
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