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Negative electrons serve to balance out the equal number of positive protons within the nucleus of the atom, therefore an atom is normally electrically neutral. But, in the outer part of the atom, the electrons are loosely bound. They can be knocked out of the atom by violent collisions, as in an electrical discharge. An atom that loses an electron has a positive charge, and becomes a positive ion; if an electron is gained it acquires a negative charge. The loss or gain of electrons is called ionisation (Cutnell & Johnson, 2004). Although the planetary model of the atom is easy to visualise, it is not entirely accurate. An electron moving around a nucleus has centripetal (always moves towards the centre) acceleration. When an electron is accelerating, it radiates electromagnetic waves. These waves carry away energy. With their energy constantly being depleted the electron should theoretically crash back into the nucleus. However, in 1913, Niels Bohr found that the electromagnetic radiation theory of the atom was incorrect. Bohr discovered that the when an electron is in a stable orbit around its atom it does not radiate energy thereby dismissing the idea of continuous electromagnetic radiation. The atom only emits energy if it receives energy, thereby causing an electron to temporarily maintain a higher orbit before falling to its original position, which is then released in a ‘packet’ of energy called a photon. The atom then returns to its previous stable state. This theory continues to support the planetary formula theory. Theories on the atom and its properties evolve as the understanding of the subatomic world increases. Therefore, the explanation of this model of the atom could possibly undergo additional changes in the future (Harrison, 1999). 2.2.2 Photons of Light In the early 1900’s, the German physicist Max Planck proposed a theory that radiant energy from atoms comes in little packets called quanta (particles). Quanta later became known as photons (Halliday et el., 2003). Planck’s theory indicated the following: If an atom, originally in an electrically stable state of a certain energy level, absorbs additional energy (e.g. if heated), it moves to a higher energy level. The atom has now become an ‘excited atom’. The atom will always seek to stabilise itself and it does so by releasing energy. To do this the atom drops from the higher energy level back to a lower energy level. The atom does not always give out all its added energy in a single step but may return to its original energy level in two or more smaller steps, releasing energy each time. The amount of energy given off as radiation equals the difference between the two energy levels of the electron. The type of atom 12PDF Image | THE USE OF LIGHT AND COLOUR AS A HEALING MODALITY
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