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total sun exposure but it has now been found that intermittent intense exposure after long periods without sunlight is a major causal factor for this form of skin cancer. Unlike other forms of cancer, basal cell carcinomas do not spread to other parts of the body, but if left untreated these small ulcers can grow into the underlying tissue and cause serious damage and disfigurement. A biopsy is recommended for diagnosis. Small carcinomas of this type can be treated with cryotherapy which involves freezing the damaged tissue. Surgery and/or radiotherapy may be needed for the larger lesions (Kumar & Clark, 1999). 3.1.5.1.3 Malignant melanoma Malignant melanoma, the most serious form of the disease, affects a much younger age group than Basal and Squamous cell carcinoma and may be triggered by several episodes of severe sunburn. This type of cancer spreads very quickly and unless diagnosed early can be difficult to treat. This ailment may be hereditary and affects woman more than men. Those with fair skin that burns easily are most at risk. Research indicates that people who spend most of their time indoors tend to be most susceptible to malignant melanoma as their skin is ill-prepared for long exposure to sunlight. The presence of moles increases the likelihood of contracting the disease. Very rarely, malignant melanoma can develop in areas not exposed to the sun. The developing melanoma is influenced by non-solar factors such as diet, changes in hormonal status, viruses, drugs, trauma to the skin such as burns or wounds, and occupations which involve exposure to chemicals. The number of cases of malignant melanoma is increasing and, as a result, major steps are being taken to warn people of the dangers of sunbathing (Beers and Burkow, 1999). 3.1.6 Premature Ageing Chronic exposure to the sun for several hours a day, over many years, can cause permanent changes to the structure of the skin leading to premature ageing. Deeply penetrating UVA radiation is said to be the major contributing factor in this process. The radiation causes damage to the collagen and elastin tissue thus causing weakening and wrinkling of the skin (Hobday, 1999). 3.1.7 Safety Measures in Sunbathing Sunbathing is considered safe in the early morning (before 11am) and late afternoon (after 3pm). This depends, however, on location according to longitude and altitude. Persons living near the 31PDF Image | THE USE OF LIGHT AND COLOUR AS A HEALING MODALITY
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