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TLD1433-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Lung Cancer Cells

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TLD1433-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Lung Cancer Cells ( tld1433-mediated-photodynamic-therapy-lung-cancer-cells )

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Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13, 137 8 of 9 4.5. Treatment Planning Light simulations were performed using an open source Monte Carlo (MC) software package (FullMonte, https://gitlab.com/FullMonte) [19]. A geometrical model was generated to mimic the in vitro experimental set ups shown in Figure 3. The model includes the OSA with the light sources and phantoms. The FullMonte’s Meshtool was used to generate the tetrahedral mesh (with up to 1.8 × 106 elements) shown in Figure 5. For the Meshtool input parameters, the Cell Radius Edge Ratio, which defines the shape of the elements using the ratio of the circumradius of the tetrahedron and the shortest edge length, was kept at 2.0. In addition, the Smooth parameter, a unitless value used to smooth the surface of the mesh in Meshtool, was between 50–100, in order to keep the complex geometry of the beads in the OSA. Setting Smooth above 200 resulted in loss of beads in the OSA. The largest element size was 2.0 mm. The light propagation was simulated with 107 photon packets emitted from two 2-cm line sources at 3 cm apart within the OSA. This configuration was identical to the set-up of the in vitro OSA light administration. Simulation results were output in photon packet weight. Irradiance calculated as the output* (Total input power (mW/cm2))/(number of simulated photon packets). Fluence was then acquired by multiplying the irradiance by the total time of light delivery. The 96-well plate was not included in the computation. It was assumed that the 96-well is placed at the surface of the OSA or at 3- or 5-mm of phantoms on top of the OSA surface (as in the configurations shown in Figure 4B–D). 4.6. Patents G.S. and D.B. are co-inventors of a patent application owned by Roswell Park for the OSA that was licensed to Lumeda Inc. S.A.M. is the inventor of two issued patents (9,345,769 and 9,676,806 B2) for TLD1433 that are licensed to Theralase Technologies, Inc. Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/13/7/137/s1, Figure S1: Results for cell viability and simulations without a backscatter phantom, Figure S2: Results for cell viability and simulations with a backscatter phantom. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.B., S.A.M. and G.S.; methodology, S.C., D.B., and G.S.; software, S.C.; validation, S.C., H.D.C. and J.R.III; formal analysis, S.C. and J.R.III; investigation, S.C.; resources, D.B., S.A.M. and G.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.C. and G.S.; writing—review and editing, S.C., D.B., S.A.M. and G.S.; visualization, S.C., H.D.C., J.R.III, D.B., S.A.M. and G.S.; supervision, D.B., S.A.M. and G.S.; project administration, G.S.; funding acquisition, G.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was supported in part by National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (NCI/NIH) R01CA193610, andin part by Roswell Park Alliance Foundation to GS. This work was supported in part by Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center and NCI grant, P30CA016056. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center. Conflicts of Interest: S.A.M. has a potential research conflict of interest due to a financial interest with Theralase Technologies, Inc. and PhotoDynamic, Inc. A management plan has been created to preserve objectivity in research in accordance with The University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) policy. G.S. reports serving on the scientific advisory board of Lumeda Inc. and receiving Lumeda common stocks and honorarium from Lumeda Inc. The funders and all commercial entities had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. References 1. Chen, K.C.; Hsieh, Y.S.; Tseng, Y.F.; Shieh, M.J.; Chen, J.S.; Lai, H.S.; Lee, J.M. Pleural Photodynamic Therapy and Surgery in Lung Cancer and Thymoma Patients with Pleural Spread. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0133230. [CrossRef] 2. Agalioti, T.; Giannou, A.D.; Stathopoulos, G.T. Pleural involvement in lung cancer. J. Thorac Dis. 2015, 7, 1021–1030. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Lakha, S.; Gomez, J.E.; Flores, R.M.; Wisnivesky, J.P. Prognostic significance of visceral pleural involvement in early-stage lung cancer. Chest 2014, 146, 1619–1626. [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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