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ANIMAL CELLS AND SYSTEMS 2020, VOL. 24, NO. 4, 181–188 https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2020.1808528 Various biological effects of solar radiation on skin and their mechanisms: implications for phototherapy Dong Wook Shin College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The skin protects our body from various external factors, such as chemical and physical stimuli, microorganisms, and sunlight. Sunlight is a representative environmental factor that considerably influences the physiological activity of our bodies. The molecular mechanisms and detrimental effects of ultraviolet rays (UVR) on skin have been thoroughly investigated. Chronic exposure to UVR generally causes skin damage and eventually induces wrinkle formation and reduced elasticity of the skin. Several studies have shown that infrared rays (IR) also lead to the breakdown of collagen fibers in the skin. However, several reports have demonstrated that the appropriate use of UVR or IR can have beneficial effects on skin-related diseases. Additionally, it has been revealed that visible light of different wavelengths has various biological effects on the skin. Interestingly, several recent studies have reported that photoreceptors are also expressed in the skin, similar to those in the eyes. Based on these data, I discuss the various physiological effects of sunlight on the skin and provide insights on the use of phototherapy, which uses a specific wavelength of sunlight as a non-invasive method, to improve skin-related disorders. Introduction Solar radiation is classified based on wavelength. The wavelength of ultraviolet rays (UVR) is less than 400 nm. The wavelength of visible light ranges from 400 nm to 700nm, and the wavelength of infrared rays (IR) is greater than 700 nm. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth consists of 6.8% UVR, 38.9% visible light, and 54.3% IR (Barolet et al. 2016). There are three major types of UVR: UVC (200 ∼ 290 nm), UVB (290 ∼ 320 nm), and UVA (320 ∼ 400 nm). UVR with shorter wavelengths has a weaker permeability. UVC is shorter in wavelength and is absorbed by the ozone layer and cannot pass through the atmosphere. In contrast, the amount of UVA reaching the surface is approximately 100 times greater than that of UVB. UVB reaches the epidermis of our skin, while UVA reaches the dermis. Most studies on UVR have indicated that it causes skin aging. Therefore, sunscreen should be applied to protect against both UVA and UVB. However, UVR can also be used to sterilize or improve specific skin diseases under controlled con- ditions (Rodenbeck et al. 2016; Teske and Jacobe 2016; Esmat et al. 2017; Morita 2018; Noh et al. 2018). Unlike UVR, IR radiation can penetrate the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The effects of IR radiation on the skin have received less attention than UVR. Currently, ARTICLE HISTORY Received 23 May 2020 Revised 30 July 2020 Accepted 4 August 2020 KEYWORDS Solar Radiation; Skin; Biological Effects; Phototherapy studies of the effects of IR on the skin have revealed both positive and negative effects (Barolet et al. 2016). Visible light, which is recognized by the human eye, is a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation with wave- lengths between 400 and 700 nm. The main natural source of visible light is sunlight, and artificial sources include laser, LED (Light Emitting Diode), mobile phones, and television and computer monitors (Cohen et al. 2020). Although individuals are exposed to visible light during daytime, little is known regarding the effects of visible light on our skin, except for the eye. Interestingly, photoreceptors that respond to various wavelengths of sunlight have been identified in the skin and their signaling mechanisms have been eluci- dated (Wicks et al. 2011; Kim et al. 2013; de Assis et al. 2018; Regazzetti et al. 2018; Kusumoto et al. 2020). In this review, I discuss the various effects of sunlight on our skin and provide insights into phototherapy to improve skin diseases through the use of specific wave- lengths of sunlight. The phototransduction of photoreceptors and their identification in skin The photoreceptor opsin is part of a G protein-coupled receptor family expressed in the rod cells of the retina, CONTACT Dong Wook Shin biocosmed@kku.ac.kr College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. REVIEW ARTICLEPDF Image | Various biological effects of solar radiation on skin
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