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186 D. W. SHIN The light spectrum has different penetration depths of the skin and can be applied to target skin cells or skin tissues for specific therapeutic effects. Recently, there has been growing interest in LEDs, and clinical applications for various medical and cosmetic products have emerged. LEDs have the advantage of delivering sufficient radiation to a target in a short amount of time, which may also be one of the therapeutic mechan- isms. The efficient effects of LEDs depend on a sensitive balance between the beneficial and harmful effects of a particular wavelength. Therefore, an appropriate combi- nation of certain LEDs acting on various targets as a phototherapy may be a breakthrough to improve skin- related disorders in the future. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Funding This work was supported by Konkuk University Research Fund (2019-A019-0401). Chung YH, Jeong SA, Choi HS, Ro S, Lee JS, Park JK. 2018. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 and astaxanthin mixture against UVB-induced DNA damage. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul). 22:400–406. Cohen L, Brodsky MA, Zubair R, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Sadeghpour M. 2020. Cutaneous interaction with visible light: what do we know. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi:10. 1016/j.jaad.2020.03.115. Dai T, Gupta A, Murray CK, Vrahas MS, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR. 2012. Blue light for infectious diseases: propionibacterium acnes, Helicobacter pylori, and beyond? Drug Res Updat. 15:223–236. de Assis LVM, Moraes MN, Magalhaes-Marques KK, Castrucci AML. 2018. Melanopsin and rhodopsin mediate UVA- induced immediate pigment darkening: unravelling the photosensitive system of the skin. Eur J Cell Biol. 97:150–162. Denda M, Fuziwara S. 2008. Visible radiation affects epidermal permeability barrier recovery: selective effects of red and blue light. J Invest Dermatol. 128:1335–1336. Dong K, Goyarts EC, Pelle E, Trivero J, Pernodet N. 2019. 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Photobiomodulation with pulsed and continuous wave near-infrared laser (810 nm, Al-Ga-As) augments dermal wound healing in immunosuppressed rats. PloS one. 11: e0166705. Kim HJ, Choi MS, Bae IH, Jung JY, Son ED, Lee TR, Shin DW. 2016. Short wavelength visible light suppresses innate immunity- related responses by modulating protein S-nitrosylation in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 136:727–731. Kim HS, Kim YJ, Kim SJ, Kang DS, Lee TR, Shin DW, Kim HJ, Seo YR. 2019. Transcriptomic analysis of human dermal fibroblast cells reveals potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of visible red light against damage from ultraviolet B light. J Dermatol Sci. 94:276–283. Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Kim HL, Kim HJ, Kim HS, Lee TR, Shin DW, Seo YR. 2017. A protective mechanism of visible red light in normal human dermal fibroblasts: enhancement of GADD45A- mediated DNA repair activity. J Invest Dermatol. 137:466– 474. Kim HH, Lee MJ, Lee SR, Kim KH, Cho KH, Eun HC, Chung JH. 2005. Augmentation of UV-induced skin wrinkling by infra- red irradiation in hairless mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 126:1170–1177. ORCID Dong Wook Shin References http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-2566 Akhalaya MY, Maksimov GV, Rubin AB, Lademann J, Darvin ME. 2014. Molecular action mechanisms of solar infrared radi- ation and heat on human skin. Ageing Res Rev. 16:1–11. Alexiades M. 2017. Laser and light-based treatments of acne and acne scarring. Clin Dermatol. 35:183–189. Amaro-Ortiz A, Yan B, D’Orazio JA. 2014. Ultraviolet radiation, aging and the skin: prevention of damage by topical cAMP manipulation. Molecules. 19:6202–6219. Amin RM, Bhayana B, Hamblin MR, Dai T. 2016. Antimicrobial blue light inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by photo-excitation of endogenous porphyrins: in vitro and in vivo studies. Lasers Surg Med. 48:562–568. Barolet D, Christiaens F, Hamblin MR. 2016. Infrared and skin: friend or foe. J Photochem Photobiol B. 155:78–85. Barolet D, Roberge CJ, Auger FA, Boucher A, Germain L. 2009. Regulation of skin collagen metabolism in vitro using a pulsed 660 nm LED light source: clinical correlation with a single-blinded study. J Invest Dermatol. 129:2751–2759. Becker D, Langer E, Seemann M, Seemann G, Fell I, Saloga J, Grabbe S, von Stebut E. 2011. Clinical efficacy of blue light full body irradiation as treatment option for severe atopic dermatitis. PloS one. 6:e20566. Choi MS, Kim HJ, Ham M, Choi DH, Lee TR, Shin DW. 2016. Amber light (590 nm) induces the breakdown of lipid dro- plets through autophagy-related lysosomal degradation in differentiated adipocytes. Sci Rep. 6:28476.PDF Image | Various biological effects of solar radiation on skin
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