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13 An Outstanding Mountain: The Matterhorn 195 Fig. 13.8 Geological section showing the relations between the middle Penninic nappes (Monte Rosa, Mont Fort, Siviez-Mischabel, Cimes Blanches and Frilihorn, of European origin), those of the upper Penninic (Zermatt-Saas and Tsaté, of oceanic origin) and the Dent Blanche nappe (Austroalpine), of African origin (after Escher et al. 1997, modified) oppositions between the “roof”, the pyramid itself and its base, i.e. what is below the continent–ocean thrust. The three ridges visible from Zermatt are not only the ones that give the mountain its unique configuration; they also allow understanding the morphodynamic processes, generated by gravity, that govern its evolution. 13.3.3 The Role of Glaciers, in the Past and Today On the four sides, the rocky mass dominates over many glaciers (Fig. 13.10): Tiefenmatten-, Furgg-, Matterhorn- gletscher and the Ghiacciao inferiore del Cervino. While still providing an incomparable ornament to the mountain, they are only a pale reflection of what they were until recently on a geological timescale. During the Quaternary cold episodes, the upper parts of the Swiss Alps were covered by several ice domes following the water divide; one of these large icefields—also called Southern Valais icefield—was situated in the Mattertal (Kelly et al. 2004; Schlüchter et al. this volume). During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) the top of the icefield surface filled the valley to at least 3010 m elevation (Kelly et al. 2004). The Matterhorn was, therefore, a nunatak, affected by mechanical weathering processes. Nevertheless, if com- pared, for example with the Grimsel granitic area (see Schlüchter this volume), trimelines are not well developed inPDF Image | An Outstanding Mountain The Matterhorn
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