PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 013
198 M. Marthaler and H. Rougier and consequently attacked last by the dissection of the cir- ques”). Thus, the Matterhorn has become the archetype of a karling, i.e. an angular peak with steep walls and sharp ridges, undercut from all sides by glaciers (Haeberli et al. 2015), and the term “horn” has passed into the current lan- guage of geomorphologists. 13.4 Conclusions Because it is both very original and representative of Alpine nature, the Matterhorn occupies a prominent place among geomorphosites. It is so attached to Zermatt that one cannot imagine separating them. From this binomial was born an authentic reference, to the point that the planet adds many “Matterhorns”. Only a few kilometres away, the Dent Blanche and the Weisshorn are almost identical copies. Much further, Mount Sir Donald in the Selkirk Mountains (British Columbia, Canada) is considered “a single Matterhom-like summit towered in lonely splendor” (Palmer 1914); Mount Assiniboine, also in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, is called the “Matterhorn of the Rockies” (Sandford 2010), and the granite inselberg of Spitzkoppe in Namibia is considered the “Matterhorn of Africa” because of its conical shape (Migoń 2010). Even Berlin, far from being in a mountainous area, has its “Matterhornstrasse”! “Il n’existe aucune autre montagne au monde qui puisse rivaliser avec le Cervin, si l’on en juge par l’attractivité exercée sur les hommes. Tous les qualificatifs ont été uti- lisés: unique, mythique, magique... Que ce soient les alpinistes, les géographes, les géologues ou plus prosaïquement les visiteurs contemplatifs qui se trouvent en sa présence, personne ne reste indifférent face à la “Corne” sans qui Zermatt n’existerait pas en tant que telle” (Rougier 2002) (translation: “There is no other mountain in the world that can compete with the Matterhorn, judging by the attractiveness exerted on men. All the qualifiers have been used: unique, mythical, magical... Whether mountaineers, geographers, geologists or more prosaically contemplative visitors who are in its presence, no one remains indifferent to the “Horn” without which Zermatt would not exist as such). Because it stands out totally from other mountains, thanks to its topography and its shape unlike any other, pure, alone and solitary, the Matterhorn has acquired a landscape noto- riety that makes it radically unclassifiable. Whereas the oceanic sediments correspond roughly to the mountains of medium altitude and to the space favourable for hiking, when one arrives at the level of the gneissic series of the African plate, one enters without transition in the field of mountaineering. The Matterhorn, a prestigious summit, received the most flattering tributes on the occasion of the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of its first ascent on 14 July 2015. Fifty bulbs retraced the itinerary followed in 1865 on this dream mountain, at the perfect summit. Discussion—The Matterhorn, an example of fractured bedrock permafrost By Emmanuel Reynard, University of Lausanne The Matterhorn is an example of fractured bedrock permafrost (Gruber and Haeberli 2007; Haeberli et al. 2015, Weber et al. 2017). Fracture kinematics in this context are influenced by several factors such as perennial ice in the permafrost body, seasonal water/ice pressure changes in the active layer, changes in seasonal snow cover, expansion/contraction in microfractures related to freeze/thaw cycles (Weber et al. 2017). Some displacements are reversible; they are due to thermoelastic strains of the material and are occurring all year round. Irreversible displacements, which can lead to rock slope failure, occur mostly during periods with temperature above 0 °C. Based on modelling of potential permafrost distri- bution in Switzerland prepared in 2006 on behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN (http:// map.geo.admin.ch/, accessed 20.03.2020) extensive permafrost with a thin active layer is expected in the northern face and more local permafrost is possible in the southern face with a thick active layer; Weber et al. 2017; Fig. 13.11). At the Hörnli Hut (3260 m a.s.l.) 100 m deep permafrost is present with 3 m thick active layer and at the summit, with approximately –10 to –15°C mean annual temperature, permafrost is likely to be several hundred metres thick (Haeberli et al. 2015). Fractures are filled with massive ice, as was evidenced on the detachment surface of the 15 July 2003 rockslide event (Gruber and Haeberli 2007; Haeberli et al. 2015). Permafrost and tempera- ture variations induce instabilities at three scales (Haeberli et al. 2015): daily freeze-thaw cycles cause small rockfalls; the annual variability of temperatures influences the active layer (subsurface layer which melts every summer) and can cause large rockslides as was the case during the hot summer 2003; finally, permafrost degradation itself occurs on a secular scale. “Permafrost degradation in steep bedrock takes place by heat conduction, and by advection of heat by per- colating water in fractures” (Gruber and Haeberli 2007).PDF Image | An Outstanding Mountain The Matterhorn
PDF Search Title:
An Outstanding Mountain The MatterhornOriginal File Name Searched:
MatterhornOutstandingMountain.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Cruise Ship Reviews | Luxury Resort | Jet | Yacht | and Travel Tech More Info
Cruising Review Topics and Articles More Info
Software based on Filemaker for the travel industry More Info
The Burgenstock Resort: Reviews on CruisingReview website... More Info
Resort Reviews: World Class resorts... More Info
The Riffelalp Resort: Reviews on CruisingReview website... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@cruisingreview.com | RSS | AMP |