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Algorithmic Extremism: Examining YouTube’s Rabbit Hole of Radicalization

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Algorithmic Extremism: Examining YouTube’s Rabbit Hole of Radicalization ( algorithmic-extremism-examining-youtubes-rabbit-hole-radical )

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Tag Examples Conspiracy A channel that regularly promotes a variety of conspiracy theories. A conspiracy theory explains an event/circumstance as the result of a secret plot that is not widely accepted to be true (even though sometimes it is). Example conspiracy theories: • Moon landings were faked • QAnon & Pizzagate • Trump colluding with Russia to win the election X22Report, The Next News Network Libertarian A political philosophy that has liberty as its main principle. Generally skeptical of authority and state power (e.g., regulation, taxes, government programs). Favors free markets and private ownership. Note: To tag someone, this should be the primary driver of their politics. Does not include libertarian socialists who also are anti-state but are anti-capitalist and promote communal living. Anti-SJW Channel has to have a significant focus on criticizing ”Social Justice” (see next category) with a positive view of the marketplace of ideas and discussing controversial topics. To tag a channel, this should be a common focus in their content. Reason, John Stossel, The Cato Insti- tute Sargon of Akkad, Tim Pool Social Justice The channel promotes • Identity Politics & Intersectionality narratives of oppression though the combination of historically oppressed identities: Women, Non-whites, Transgender • Political Correctness the restriction of ideas and words you can say in polite society. • Social Constructionism the idea that the differences between individuals and groups are explained entirely by the environment. For example, sex differences are caused by culture, not by biological sex. The channel content is often in reaction to Anti-SJW or conservative content rather than purely a promotion of social justice ideas. The supporters of the content creator are active on Reddit in subreddit called r/Breadtube, and the creators often identify with this label. This tag only includes breadtuber’s if their content is criticizing anti-SJW’s (promoting socialism is its own, separate tag). Peter Coffin, hbomberguy White Identitarian Identifies-with/is-proud-of the superiority of ”whites” and Western Civilization. An example of identifying with ”western heritage” would be to refer to the Sistine chapel or Bach as ”our culture.” Often will promote • An ethnostate where residence or citizenship would be limited to ”whites” OR a type of nationalist that seek to maintain a white national identity (white nationalism) • A historical narrative focused on the ”white” lineage and its superiority • Essentialist concepts of racial differences The content creators are very concerned about whites becoming a minority population in the US/Europe (the Great Replacement - theory) NPIRADIX (Richard Spencer), Stefan Molyneux Educational Channel that mainly focuses on education material, of which over 30% is focused on making sense of culture or politics. Late Night Talk shows Channel with content presented humorous monologues about the day’s news, guest interviews, and comedy sketches. To tag, they should have over 30% focus on politics & culture. Partisan Left Channel mainly focused on politics and exclusively critical of Republicans. Would agree with this statement: ”GOP policies are a threat to the well-being of the country.” Partisan Right Channel mainly focused on politics and exclusively critical of Democrats. Must support Trump. Would agree with this statement: ”Democratic policies threaten the nation.” Anti-theist The self-identified atheist who is also actively critical of religion. Also called New Atheists or Street Epistemologists. Usually combined with an interest in philosophy. Religious Conservative A channel with a focus on promoting Christianity or Judaism in the context of politics and culture. Revolutionary Endorses the overthrow of the current political system. For example, many Marxist and Ethno- nationalists are revolutionaries because they want to overthrow the current system and accept the consequences. Provocateur Enjoys offending and receiving any kind of attention (positive or negative). Takes extreme positions, or frequently breaks cultural taboos. Often it is unclear if they are joking or serious. MRA (Mens Rights Activist) Focus on advocating for rights for men. See men as the oppressed sex and will focus on examples where men are currently oppressed. Incels, who identify as victims of sex inequality, would also be included in this category. Missing Link Media Channels funded by companies or venture capital, but not large enough to be considered ”mainstream.” They are generally accepted as more credible than independent YouTube content. State Funded Channels that are funded by governments. TED, SoulPancake Last Week Tonight, Trevor Noah The Young Turks, CNN Fox News, Candace Owens Sam Harris, CosmicSkeptic, Matt Dil- lahunty Ben Shapiro, PragerU Libertarian Socialist Rants, Jason Un- ruhe StevenCrowder, MILO Karen Straughan Vox, NowThis News PBS NewsHour, Al Jazeera, RT Socialist (Anti-Capitalist) Focus on the problems of capitalism. Endorse the view that capitalism is the source of most problems in society. Critiques of aspects of capitalism that are more specific (i.e., promotion of fee healthcare or a large welfare system or public housing) don’t qualify for this tag. Promotes alternatives to capitalism. Usually, some form of either Social Anarchist (stateless egalitarian com- munities) or Marxist (nationalized production and a way of viewing society through class relations and social conflict). BadMouseProductions, NonCompete Anti-Whiteness A subset of Social Justice that, in addition to intersectional beliefs about race, has a significant portion of content that essentializes race and disparages ”whites” as a group. Channel should match most of the following: • Negative generalization about ”whites”. E.g. ”White folks are unemotional, they hardly even cry at funerals,” e.g., How To Play The Game w/WS 5 Daily Routines • Use of the word ”whiteness” as a slur, or an evil force. e.g., ”I try to be less white” (Robin DiAngelo) • Simplistic narratives about American history, where the most important story is of slavery and racism. • Dilute terms like racism or white supremacy so that they include most Americans while keeping the stigma and power of the word. • content exclusively framing current events into racial oppression. Usually in the form of police violence against blacks, x-while-black (e.g., swimming while black, walking while black)... African Diaspora News Channel

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