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Distributed consensus

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Distributed consensus ( distributed-consensus )

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44 2.6. SAFETY Lemma 9 shows that at most one value will be proposed with any given epoch. Since it is necessary for a value to be proposed before it is decided, this means that at most one value can be decided with any epoch too. Consider the case that e ̸= f. Since there is a total ordering on epochs then either e < f or e > f. From the symmetry oftheorem14,wecanassumeef byswappingeandf. For a value to be decided, it must first be proposed, therefore a stronger theorem is theorem 13. Now that we have proven the safety of the decided values, we will prove that only decided values will be returned by the proposers. Lemma 15 (Safety of learning). If the value v is returned by a proposer then v has been decided. Proof of Lemma 15. Consider a proposer p who has returned v. Prior to returning v, p must have received accept(e) for some epoch e from a majority of acceptors (Property 3). We know accept(e) must have been sent in response to propose(e,v) from proposer p (Property 1). Therefore the majority of acceptors must have accepted the proposal (e, v) so by definition the value v must have been decided (Property 9). Result Monotonicity of promises (6) Relation between acceptor epochs (7) General promise format (8) Value uniqueness (9) Message ordering (10) Quorum intersection (11) Weakened safety of future proposals (12) Base case for safety of future proposals (12.1) Inductive case for safety of future proposals (12.2) Safety of future proposals (13) Safety for Classic Paxos (14) Safety of learning (15) Properties: 6, 7, 10 8, 10 8 1 6, 7, 8, 9 2 4, 7, 9 Other results: 6 7 6 11, 8, 10, 6 9, 12 9, 12 12.1, 12.2 9, 13 1, 3, 9 Table 2.3: Use of algorithm properties to prove the safety of Classic Paxos

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