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CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 27 designers should consider the rich set of values of the group they impact when designing for fairness [45, 44]. 5.2 Challenges facing YouTube and their technical implications Within the past two years of this research, YouTube has encountered some problems that have catalyzed change in the algorithmic workings of the platform, and content creators’ relationships with the platform. A timeline of the major events is shown in Figure 5.1. Combating extremism This past year, the meme “Subscribe to PewDiePie” went viral on the internet and the of- fline world. Since 2013, PewDiePie has been the most subscribed to channel on YouTube, however T-series, an Indian entertainment channel, has now overtaken PewDiePie’s spot. The “Subscribe to PewDiePie” meme began as a way to increase PewDiePie’s subscriber count. PewDiePie’s fans have pulled off stunts, such as a themed parade in Estonia and a billboard in Times Square [70]. However, not all PewDiePie’s fans’ actions were benign. In March, a fan defaced a World War II memorial writing “Subscribe to PewDiePie.” [70] The graffi has since been removed. That same month, an individual violently entered mosques in ChristChurch, New Zealand, killing 51 people and injuring dozens of others in an Is- lamophoic attack [58]. Before opening fire, the shooter said, “Remember, lads, subscribe to PewDiePie.” [58] PewDiePie denounced both of these horrific actions. Regarding the Christchurch shootings, he tweeted, “I feel absolutely sickened having my name uttered by this person.” [70] This massacre was distinctly built for the internet. The shooter wore a helmet camera. He tweeted about the impending events, and live-streamed it to Facebook. The graphic footage was uploaded repeatedly onto YouTube, Reddit, and Twitter. YouTube worked relentlessly to delete all footage. The internet has many dark corners, and YouTube’s recommendation system tends to push users to successively edgier content. Although the internet is not solely to blame, it does unfortunately play a role in provoking extremist beliefs and activities. In April of this year, YouTube live-streamed a US congressional hearing about the rise of hate crimes and white nationalism. During the livestream, commenters in the live chat posted racist slurs about Jews and other minorities [48]. After 20 minutes, YouTube disabled the live chat feature on the judiciary hearing livestream [48]. In August of 2018, various tech giants such as Apple, Spotify, Facebook, and YouTube banned Alex Jones and his content from their platforms [20]. Alex Jones is a conspiracy theorist, most notoriously known for claiming the Sandy Hook shooting as a hoax. YouTube banned Jones’ channel, which had accumulated 2.4 million subscribers, for violating com- munity guidelines [20].PDF Image | How Content Creators Craft Algorithmic Personas and Perceive the Algorithm that Dictates their Work
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