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102 4 ⋅ random alpha pagerank 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 −25 −20 −15 −10 −5 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 log(std/ex) on home page 0 1 not−spam spam log(std) on home page Figure 4.14 – Standard deviation and spam. The background histogram displays (log) standard deviation scores for non-spam hosts when the (log) ratio of standard deviation • logofRAPrstandarddeviation overexpectation. • logof(RAPrstandarddeviation/logofoutdegree) • logof(RAPrstandarddeviation/logofindegree) • standarddeviationofstandarddeviationonin-links • logof(standarddeviationofRAPrstandarddeviationonin-links/PageRank) • logof(standarddeviationofRAPr/RAPrexpectation) statistics on these features aided the classification task. Thus, for RAPr on each host, we produce • logofRAPrexpectation • logof(RAPrexpectation/logofoutdegree) • logof(RAPrexpectation/logofindegree) • standarddeviationofRAPrexpectationonin-links • log of ( standard deviation of RAPr expectation on in-links / PageRank )ond figure shows the same data for where the RAPr scores are from the host home page, and the page with largest PageRank on the host. In total, we produce 22 features (= 11 from the list ×2 for the different host pages) from the RAPr statistics. Hosts, with all of their features, are then input to a machine learning framework that attempts to learn a decision rule about spam based on these features.31 Just like the original work, we use a Bagged J48 tree classifier in Weka [Witten and Frank, 2005] with 10 bags. Bagging a classifier produces a new classifier whose label is the concensus of a bag of independent classifiers. On the training data, we conducted 50 independent 10-fold cross-validation experiments to estimate the performance of the classifier, and table 4.6 dis- plays the results. For each classifier, we show the 31 Covering a full machine learning background is well outside the scope of this thesis. A ∼ Beta(2, 16, [0, 1]). The fore- ground (red) plot shows the same data for spam hosts. Each host is represented by its home page score and the statistics are computed with a 21-point quadrature rule. The sec- fraction of labeled hosts fraction of labeled hostsPDF Image | Instagram Cheat Sheet
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