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3.1.1 Social networks Sociologists have studied many of the properties of offline social networks, and we only briefly describe a few of the relevant findings. For a more complete overview of offline social networks and associated analysis techniques, we refer the reader to the book by Wasserman [157]. Milgram [102] showed that the average path length between two Americans was six hops, demonstrating that social networks can be classified as small-world. Pool and Kochen [129] provided an analysis of how the small-world property of social networks affects contacts and influence. The influential paper by Granovetter [63] argued that a social network can be partitioned into ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ ties, and that the strong ties are tightly clustered, while the weak ties represent longer-distance relationships. We were able to verify that online social networks have similar properties, with short path lengths and strong clusters connected by long- distance links. As online social networks gained popularity, researchers have begun to investigate their properties. Adamic et al. [4] studied an early online social network at Stanford University, and found that the network has small-world characteristics as well as a significant clustering coefficient. Liben-Nowell et al. [94] found a strong correlation between friendship and the geographic location of users by using data from Live- Journal. Kumar et al. [82] examined two online social networks from Yahoo! and found that both possessed a dominant SCC. Girvan and Newman observed that users in online social networks tend to form tightly knit groups [58], evidenced by a high 33PDF Image | Online Social Networks: Measurement, Analysis, and Applications to Distributed Information Systems
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