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80 information, since pages with high indegree tend to be authorities [74]. With the exception of Orkut, links in the social networks we studied are directed and users may therefore link to any other user they wish. The target of the link may reciprocate by placing a link pointing back at the source. Our analysis of the level of symmetry in social networks, shown in Table 5.1, reveals that all three social networks with directed links (Flickr, LiveJournal, and YouTube) have a significant degree of symmetry. Their high level of symmetry is consistent with that of offline social networks [63]. Furthermore, social networking sites inform users of new incoming links, which may also contribute to the high level of symmetry. Independent of the causes, the symmetric nature of social links affects the net- work structure. For example, symmetry increases the overall connectivity of the network and reduces its diameter. Symmetry can also make it harder to identify reputable sources of information just by analyzing the network structure, because re- puted sources tend to dilute their importance when pointing back to arbitrary users who link to them. 5.3 Power-law node degrees We begin to examine the graph structure by considering the node degree distribu- tion. As discussed in Chapter 3, the degree distributions of many complex networks, including offline social networks, have been shown to conform to power-laws. Thus, it may not be surprising that social networks also exhibit power-law degree distri-PDF Image | Online Social Networks: Measurement, Analysis, and Applications to Distributed Information Systems
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