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149 links can be explicit, as in online social networking sites, or implicit, as in the links formed by a set of email, IM, or VoIP users who include each other in their contact lists. Ostra can use such existing social links as long as acquiring and maintaining a relationship requires some effort. For example, it takes some effort to be included in someone’s IM contact list (making that person’s acquaintance); and it may take more effort to maintain that status (occasionally producing wanted communication). With respect to Ostra, this property of a social network ensures that an attacker can- not acquire and maintain arbitrarily many relationships or replace lost relationships arbitrarily quickly. Ostra is broadly applicable. Depending on how it is deployed, it can thwart unwanted email or instant messages; unwanted invitations in IM, VoIP, or online social networks; unwanted entries or comments in blogging systems; or inappropriate and mislabeled contributions to content-sharing sites such as Flickr and YouTube. 8.1 Ostra strawman In this section, we describe a strawman design of Ostra. The design is appropriate for trusted, centralized communication systems in which users have strong identities (i.e., each individual user has exactly one digital identity). We discuss the basic properties of this design in the context of two-party communication (e.g., email and IM), multi- party communication (e.g., bulletin boards and mailing lists), and content-sharing sites (e.g., YouTube and Flickr). Section 8.2 describes a refined design that removesPDF Image | Online Social Networks: Measurement, Analysis, and Applications to Distributed Information Systems
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