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169 Figure 8.5 : Generalization of per-user credit accounting to per-link credit accounting. Ostra with per-user credit (shown in (a)) can be expressed as per-link credit over a star topology (shown in (b)), with the central site C as the hub. The addition of links (shown in (c)) does not change the properties. of unwanted communication, and preventing other users from being able to send communication successfully. Strategies for trying to send additional unwanted com- munication include signing up for multiple accounts and creating links between these accounts, as well as conspiring with other malicious users. Strategies for trying to prevent other users from communicating include targeting a specific user by sending large amounts of unwanted communication and attempting to exhaust credit on spe- cific links in the trust network. In this section, we describe how Ostra handles these threats. Multiple identities One concern is whether users who create multiple identities (known as Sybils [44]) can send additional unwanted communication. Ostra naturally prevents such users from gaining additional credit. To send unwanted communication to another user, a user must eventually use one of her “real” links to a different user, which has the same effect as if the user onlyPDF Image | Online Social Networks: Measurement, Analysis, and Applications to Distributed Information Systems
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