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170 had a single identity. To see this, assume a user with a set of multiple identities M = {M1,M2,...,Mn} is sending to a different user U. Now, regardless of how the links between the identities in M are allocated, any path between Mi and U must contain a link Mj ↔ V, where V ∈/ M. If this property does not hold, then U ∈ M, which is a contradiction. Thus, using per-link balances has the effect that the total credit available to a user no longer depends on the number of identities a user has. Instead, the credit available depends on the number of links the user has to other users. Figure 8.6 shows a diagram of how Ostra prevents users with multiple identities from sending additional unwanted communication. Ostra allows users to create as many identities as they wish but ensures that they cannot send additional unwanted communication by doing so. Malicious users may attempt to use multiple Sybil identities to create multiple links to a single user. Although they may succeed occasionally, these links require effort to maintain and the malicious user, therefore, cannot create an unbounded number of them. Figure 8.6 : Diagram of how Ostra handles various attacks: (a) a normal user, (b) multiple identities, and (c) a network of Sybils. The total amount of credit available to the user is the same.PDF Image | Online Social Networks: Measurement, Analysis, and Applications to Distributed Information Systems
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