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194 Figure 8.12 : Diagram of how credit exchange occurs when X sends to W, with the penalty for dropping being one credit. The state of the link credits is shown (a) before the message is sent, (b) before the message is classified, and (c) after the timeout T if Z drops the message. of the next hop in the path (the user to whom the original request was forwarded) and lowers the credit balance of the previous hop (the user from whom the original request was received). In this case, the resultant state of the network is shown in Figure 8.4 (c). When the timer associated with an authorization request expires, then the user undoes the adjustments made to the link states during the authorization phase and deletes the request record. Because authorization and classification messages are forwarded by the Ostra agents of users in the trust network, one concern is whether malicious users can simply drop such incoming messages. To protected against this, we provide users with an incentive to forward authorization requests and responses: users penalize the next hop along the path by lowering the next hop’s credit if the message does not reach its destination. Each user along the path adjusts the next hop’s upper bound U by a penalty amount during the authorization phase. When the message is classified by the des-PDF Image | Online Social Networks: Measurement, Analysis, and Applications to Distributed Information Systems
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