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TikTok: Technology Overview and Issues right back to China.”48 Japan, Turkey, and Pakistan49 have also taken various measures to protect their countries’ users from possibly security risks.50 Technology Trade Protectionism Other observers argue that TikTok is caught in “the crosshairs of a global technology battle,”51 and that a unilateral U.S. ban on any app may be comparable to China’s “Great Firewall.”52 One way to potentially understand U.S. and Chinese government actions in this dispute may be through the concept of techno-nationalism,53 which refers to a country’s refusal or reluctance to import other countries’ advanced technology, as well as to export, or to allow other nations to benefit from, its own advanced technology. Within this framework, technology is considered a central pillar of a country’s wellbeing: Techno-nationalism ... links technological innovation and capabilities directly to a nation’s national security, economic prosperity, and social stability.... [It] seeks to attain competitive advantage for its stakeholders, both locally and globally, and leverage these advantages for geopolitical gain.54 One policy mechanism that nations use to protect what they view as important or sensitive technologies are export controls, rules which limit to which foreign entities and under what circumstances or conditions specific technologies may be sold or licensed.55 For example, in August 2020, the Bureau of Industry and Security at the Department of Commerce announced sanctions that restrict foreign semiconductor companies from selling chips developed or produced 48 Stephen Dziedzic, “TikTok Ban ‘Not Necessary’ but Prime Minister Scott Morrison Urges Caution over App’s China Connection,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation News, August 4, 2020, at https://www.abc.net.au/news/ 2020-08-05/prime-minister-scott-morrison-says-government-wont-ban-tiktok/12526246. 49 Pakistan had banned the app on October 9, 2020, but rescinded the ban 10 days later after TikTok provided assurances “that they will block all accounts repeatedly involved in spreading obscenity and immorality.” Salman Masood, “Pakistan Rescinds TikTok Ban.” New York Times, October 19, 2020, at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/ 19/business/pakistan-tiktok-ban.html. 50 Jennifer Hassan and Ruby Mellen, “It’s Not Just the United States: These Governments See Tiktok as a Growing Problem,” Washington Post, August 3, 2020, at https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/03/its-not-just-united- states-these-governments-see-tiktok-growing-problem/. 51 “Is It Time to Delete Tiktok? A Guide to the Rumors and the Real Privacy Risks.” 52 Kevin Roose, “Don’t Ban TikTok. Make an Example of It.” New York Times, July 26, 2020, at https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/technology/tiktok-china-ban-model.html. The “Great Firewall” has been described as “a system of surveillance and blocking technology that prevents Chinese citizens from viewing websites outside the country.” Danny O’Brien, “China’s Global Reach: Surveillance and Censorship Beyond the Great Firewall,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, October 10, 2019, at https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2019/10/chinas-global- reach-surveillance-and-censorship-beyond-great-firewall. 53 “Opening Japan.” 54 Alex Capri, “Techno-Nationalism: What Is It and How Will It Change Global Commerce?” Forbes.com, December 20, 2019, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexcapri/2019/12/20/techno-nationalism-what-is-it-and-how-will-it-change- global-commerce/#f8e22c0710f7. 55 For more information on U.S. export controls and China, see CRS In Focus IF11627, U.S. Export Control Reforms and China: Issues for Congress, by Ian F. Fergusson and Karen M. Sutter. For more general information on U.S. export controls, see CRS Report R41916, The U.S. Export Control System and the Export Control Reform Initiative, by Ian F. Fergusson and Paul K. Kerr. Congressional Research Service 9PDF Image | TikTok: Technology Overview and Issues Updated October 21, 2020 Congressional Research Service
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