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10 International Journal of Photoenergy the mitochondria. Such release would allow for modulation of metabolic output, by increasing the binding potential of cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen, allowing for increased ATP production. Further studies are needed to provide better insight into the ways that red and near-infrared light interact with NO and cytochrome c oxidase to modify respiratory capacity and generate ATP. 5. Conclusions Our findings indicate that determining an effective dose for 670nm light therapy is complex, being dependent on the degree of damage being treated. While low levels of 670 nm light are ineffective, too high a dose has potentially toxic effects. Consistent with this, dose-response curves for 670 nm light appear to trend towards an inverted U-shaped distribution, consistent with hormesis. We also find that 670 nm light induces an increase in spare respiratory capacity in 661 W photoreceptor-like cells, reinforcing the view that red light therapy stimulated mitochondrial function. Such an increase in spare respiratory capacity would provide for increased metabolic output, to maintain retinal homeostasis and protect against the progression of photoreceptor cell death. Disclosure Joshua A. Chu-Tan and Matt Rutar are co-first authors. Conflict of Interests The authors have no known conflict of interests to disclose. Acknowledgments This work is supported by National Health and Medical Research Council project Grant no. 1049990 and the JCSMR Bootes Foundation. References [1] R. A. Linsenmeier and L. Padnick-Silver, “Metabolic depen- dence of photoreceptors on the choroid in the normal and detached retina,” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Sci- ence, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 3117–3123, 2000. 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