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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 309 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 309 4 of 10 4 of 10 Figure 3. (A–C) Spectra of the five different light sources. Figure 3. (A–C) Spectra of the five different light sources. Table 1. Fluence rate (PpIX-weighted full spectrum), fluence (PpIX light doses), intensity of visible Table 1. Fluence rate (PpIX-weighted full spectrum), fluence (PpIX light doses), intensity of visible light (lux) and how many lux are needed for a complete photobleaching in two hours using the five light (lux) and how many lux are needed for a complete photobleaching in two hours using the five different light sources. All numbers in the table are for the distance of 1 meter except for the last differceonlutmlignh(tsseoeudricsetas.nAcelslnfourmthberlsaisnt tchoelutmabnleinareTafobrleth2e).dTishteanvciseibolfe1lmigheteirnetexncseiptytfiosrsthoewlanstfcoorlumn (see dsimstpalnicietys fboercathuseelaitsitscionleuxmpensiinveTanbdlev2e)r.yTehaesyvtiosimblealsiugrhetwinitheonusittpyrisorshknoownlefdogres.implicity because it is inexpensive and very easy to measure without prior knowledge. Lamp Type PpIFXl-uWenecigehRteadte– 22 Irradiance V(liusixb)le Light 100% Effect on PIprrIaXd(ilaunxc)e Giving Fluence Rate–Full SFpluecetnrucem Fluence Rate– Full Spectrum– Fluence-PpIX Light Dose for 2 2Fhlu(eJ/nccme-)PpIX Light Dose for 8.2 2 2 h (J/cm ) Visible Light Irradiance Giving Lamp Type R(matWe–/Fcmull) F(mulWl S/cpmec)trum– PpIX1.-1W4 eighted Irradiance 100% Effect on Overhead projector 400 W Spe1c8t.1ru2m 35,000 5000 Slide projector 250 W White LED lamp 50 W (mW/cm2 ) (mW/cm2 ) (lux) PpIX (lux) Overhead projector 400 W 2.04 0.53 0.17 0.03 1.2 0.2 5800 1630 5000 12,000 Red LED panel 18 W 0.89 0.03 0.2 1420 5000 500012,000 Slide projector 250 W WRehditLeELDEDlamlapmApk5t0ilWite 140 W 2.04 05..5230 0.89 0.17 0.106.03 0.03 0.16 1.2 5800 17,8410630 1420 5000 Red LED panel 18 W 1.20.2 0.2 1.2 5000 5000 Red LED lamp Aktilite 140 W 5.20 17,840 18.12 1.14 8.2 35,000 5000 The red LED lamp commonly used for conventional PDT has a peak intensity at 629 nm. For conventional PDT the lamp is set to give a total light dose of 37 J/cm2 in approximately 9 min. (at a 2 dTihsteanrecedoLfE8Dcmla)m. Aptcaomdimstaoncleyoufs1edmfothrecornedveLnEtDionlamlpPDgaTvheaasfalupeenacekrianttenosfi0ty.16atm6W29/cnm. For 22 conv(ePnptIiXo-nwaeligPhDteTd)t,hwehlaicmhpcoirsreseptotnodsg,itvoeaafltuoetnacleliogfh1t.2dJo/csmeoinf3tw7oJ/hcomurs.inapproximately9min.(at The overhead projector was the light source with the highest fluence rate of 1.14 mW/cm2 2 a distance of 8 cm). At a distance of 1 m the red LED lamp gave a fluence rate of 0.16 mW/cm (PpIX-weighted) corresponding to 8.2 J/cm2. The slide pro2jector resulted in a fluence rate of (PpIX-weighted),whichcorresponds,toafluenceof1.2J/cm intwohours. 0.17 mW/cm2 (PpIX-weighted) corresponding to 1.2 J/cm2 in two hours. The white LED lamp 2 The overhead projector was the light source with the highest fluence rate of 1.14 mW/cm resulted in a fluence rate of 0.03 mW/cm2 (PpIX-weighted) corresponding to 0.2 J/cm2 in two hours (PpIX-weighted) corresponding to 8.2 J/cm2. The slide projector resulted in a fluence rate of and the red LED panel also resulted in a fluence rate of 0.03 mW/cm2 (PpIX-weighted) 0.17 mW/cm2 (PpIX-weighted) corresponding to 1.2 J/cm2 in two hours. The white LED lamp corresponding to 0.2 J/cm2 in two hours. resulted in a fluence rate of 0.03 mW/cm2 (PpIX-weighted) corresponding to 0.2 J/cm2 in two hours Five healthy volunteers were treated with a total of five different artificial “daylight” sources. and the red LED panel also resulted in a fluence rate of 0.03 mW/cm2 (PpIX-weighted) corresponding After the skin was tape-stripped 10 times, it was incubated with MAL for 30 min. followed by 2 to 0.2illJu/mcminatinontwofotheoutresa.tment fields with selected artificial “daylight” sources at varying distances fFoirvtewhoehaoluthrsy. volunteers were treated with a total of five different artificial “daylight” sources. The MAL-induced PpIX in the treatment fields illuminated with the artificial “daylight” was After the skin was tape-stripped 10 times, it was incubated with MAL for 30 min. followed by compared with the MAL-induced PpIX in control areas not illuminated. illumination of the treatment fields with selected artificial “daylight” sources at varying distances for two hours. The yields of fluorescence are given in Table 2. (Details of the experimental procedure are given in Section Three.) The skin temperature was stable after 20 min. of illumination and did not differ The MAL-induced PpIX in the treatment fields illuminated with the artificial “daylight” was much between the light sources used (33–36 °C; Table 2). We measured the uniformity of the compared with the MAL-induced PpIX in control areas not illuminated. irradiation for five different places in each field (circle with a diameter of 5 cm) and the results were: The yields of fluorescence are given in Table 2. (Details of the experimental procedure are given Overhead projector 13,500 lux ± 2%, Slide projector 5000 lux ± 4%, White LED lamp 12,000 lux ± 7%, in Section 3.) The skin temperature was stable after 20 min. of illumination and did not differ much Red LED panel (4 panels of 30 cm × 120 cm) 2600 lux ± 4%, Red LED lamp 5000 lux ± 4%. between the light sources used (33–36 ̋C; Table 2). We measured the uniformity of the irradiation for five different places in each field (circle with a diameter of 5 cm) and the results were: OverheadPDF Image | Alternatives to Outdoor Daylight for Photodynamic Therapy
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