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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 309 5 of 10 projector 13,500 lux ̆ 2%, Slide projector 5000 lux ̆ 4%, White LED lamp 12,000 lux ̆ 7%, Red LED panel (4 panels of 30 cm ˆ 120 cm) 2600 lux ̆ 4%, Red LED lamp 5000 lux ̆ 4%. 1 2 3 4 5 400W B A 1.5 1.5 Table 2. Accumulation of PpIX during two hours of illumination with the different artificial “daylight” sources. Numbers 1 and 2 are both halogen light, while 4 and 5 are both red LED light (Figure 3). The skin temperature was 33 ̋C before illumination in all volunteers. The skin temperature given in Table 2 was stable after 20 min of illumination. Light Source Visible Light Intensity (lux) 38,000 13,600 13,500 5000 5000 4000 2400 1500 D 0.3 B 0.4 D 0.4 B 0.6 C 1 2200 Skin Temperature ( ̋C) - - 36 - 33 - - - 35 - - - - 33 Unbleached PpIX (%) 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 9 0 2 2 4 7 6 9 9 0 0 0 7 0 Healthy Distance to Volunteer the Lamp (m) Overhead projector A 1 Slide projector 250 W White LED lamp 50 W Red LED panel (4 panels of 30cm ˆ 120 cm) A 1.1 B 1.1 B 1.3 C 1.5 D 2 18 W each panel Red LED lamp Aktilite - C 0.1 C 0.4 D 1.2 A 1 B 1 2600 12,000 10,000 8000 5000 1500 750 - - - 33 - 140W B B 1.9 17,300 15,000 5000 4000 1.5 Greenhouse E - 8500 - We carried out illumination changing the distances between the light sources and the subject in order to determine the number of lux needed to achieve a complete photobleach. With the overhead projector it was not possible to use a lower number of lux than 13,500 because the light intensity is high. The overhead projector was included as we anticipated a high light fluence rate to be necessary. If we had wanted 5000 lux from the overhead projector, the distance from the subject to the light source would have had to be many meters. Regarding the white LED lamp 12,000 lux is needed for a complete photobleach in two hours, while it is 5000 lux for the slide projector and the red LED lamp. The highest light intensity the red LED panel can emit is 2600 lux and that is not enough to achieve a complete photobleach. In Figure 4 we have combined the data from the two halogen lamps and also the spectra from the two red LED light sources since their spectra are very similar despite the differences in intensity. The post treatment erythema was not investigated systematically in this study but there did not seem to be a significant difference in post treatment erythema among the continuous light sources used. In contrast as expected, there was more post treatment erythema in the fields receiving conventional PDT compared to the fields that received continuous illumination. 2.2. Results from the Greenhouse Daylight is the combination of direct and diffuse sunlight in the open air during the daytime. The greenhouse (Figure 5) makes it possible to perform daylight PDT even in harsh weather conditions. However, the ambient light intensity is only sufficient in April through October. We made the measurements inside and outside of the greenhouse during weather conditions with clear blue sky and heavy cloud (Table 3 and Figure 6). With clear blue sky the fluence rate of daylight outside thePDF Image | Alternatives to Outdoor Daylight for Photodynamic Therapy
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