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Neuroendocrine markers of circadian rhythms were specifically measured and included: 24-hour plasma melatonin, incremental plasma leptin, blood glucose, plasma insulin and plasma cortisol. The night eaters showed significant differences in plasma melatonin, plasma leptin, and plasma cortisol in comparison to the control group. Specifically, the night eaters had attenuation of the nocturnal rise in plasma melatonin (p < .001) and plasma leptin (p < .001) and greater levels of plasma cortisol (p = .001). Significant differences between groups on blood glucose and plasma insulin were not found. These findings supported the evidence that NES not only had behavioral markers but biological markers as well. This study offers evidence that NES is related to a disruption of circadian rhythms and chronobiology. This suggests that treatments like BLT that target circadian rhythm could be an effective intervention for NES. Findings from the Birkevedt (1999) study have not been replicated, although other studies have been performed to better understand the biological influences on NES. Allison and colleagues (2005) performed a study where 15 obese female NES participants and 14 matched female controls were admitted for a 3-day stay in a clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. On the third day of hospitalization, blood samples were taken via catheter every 2-hours from 8:00 am – 10:00 pm and then every hour from 11:00 pm - 9:00 am the following morning (total of 25- hours) (Allison et al., 2005). Blood samples were assessed for glucose, insulin, ghrelin, leptin, melatonin, cortisol, TSH, and prolactin. As in the Birkevedt study, exposure to light was carefully controlled so that each group had the same exposure. Results indicated that the night eaters had increased levels of insulin (p < .01) and glucose (p = .07) when compared to the control group. This was expected, however, due to the nocturnal ingestions of food in the night eating group that did not occur in the control group. The night eaters also had lower levels of ghrelin between 1:00 am and 9:00 am compared to the control group (p = .003). There were no 15PDF Image | BRIGHT LIGHT THERAPY FOR late NIGHT EATING SYNDRome
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