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5 electromagnetic modulations of the biological processes involved in bone metabolism (described above). There have been several publications describing a positive effect on bone metabolism and OTM with the delivery of vitamin D (Collins and Sinclair, 1988), prostaglandin E1 and 2 (Lee et al., 1990; Yamasaki et al., 1984), osteocalcin (Kobaysashi et al., 1998), parathyroid hormone (Soma et al., 2000; Gianelly and Schnur, 1969), long-term or high dose corticosteroids (Gonzales et al., 2009; Kalia et al., 2004; Ashcraft et al., 1992), thyroxin (Tyrovola and Spyropoulos, 2001), pulsed electromagnetic fields (Stark and Sinclair, 1987), low intensity ultrasound (Hadjiargyrou et al., 1998) and low level laser therapy (LLLT) (Genc et al., 2012; Doshi-Mehta and Bhad-Patil, 2011; da Silva Sousa et al, 2011; Bartzela et al., 2009; Youssef et al., 2008; Cruz et al., 2004; Hashimoto et al., 2001; Soma et al., 2000; Kobayashi et al., 1998; Yamasaki et al., 1984). Although successful, the major drawback to most of these treatment interventions is the necessity for systemic delivery and the ensuing systemic side effects of pharmacological agents. Alternatively, local delivery of the pharmacological agent requires repeated painful injections while delivery of phototherapy using LLLT necessitates demanding scheduling challenges with the need for repeated and frequent treatment. 1.4 Phototherapy There is increasing application for phototherapy in areas of wound healing, tissue repair and regeneration and reductions in dental sensitivity and post-surgical and post-orthodontic adjustment pain (Dosi-Mehta and Bhad-Patil, 2012; Barolet and Boucher, 2010; de Paula Eduardo et al., 2010; Xiaoting et al., 2010; Torammano et al., 2009; Trelles and Allones, 2006; Weiss et al., 2005; Meguro et al., 2002). Phototherapeutic applications are reliant upon the biostimulatory effects of phototherapy. The term “biostimulation” was first introduced in thePDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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