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6 1960’s to describe the “photochemical interactions” of low intensity lasers with tissue (Niemz 2007; Desmet et al., 2006; Sommer et al., 2001) and has since also been referred to as photostimulation, photomodulation and photobiostimulation. Phototherapy is hypothesized to produce biostimulatory effects from increased blood circulation (Cruz et al., 2004) and pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1b (Saito and Shimizu, 1997) and PGE1 (Yamasaki et al., 1984) increased ATP availability and cell metabolism via the removal of electron deficits by the appearance of singlet oxygen or by direct stimulation of the electron carriers (cytochrome c oxidase) in the electron transport chain (Bashardoust Tajali et al., 2010; Conlan et al., 2006; Desmet et al., 2006; Karu et al., 2005; Eells et al., 2004) and/or increased Na+/K+ pump activity and intracellular Ca2+ causing augmentation of protein synthesis as well as DNA and RNA replication to accelerate cell metabolism (Bashardoust Tajali et al., 2010; Coombe et al., 2001). It is hypothesized that the biostimulatory effect of phototherapy is governed by the Ardnt-Schultz law (Figure 1.1), where a low-moderate level of energy is required to achieve cell activation but excess energy results in cell retardation (Kim et al., 2009; Sommer et al., 2001).PDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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