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9 Typically, lasers used in phototherapy are in the 1M category (denoting a low intensity and hence the term LLLT). Although lasers can be set to emit different wavelengths, an infrared (IR) wavelength (approximately 600-1000nm) in the range of approximately 730-850nm is viewed as the most appropriate to promote biostimulation as well as increases in OTM (Yoshida et al., 2009; Kocoklu-Altan et al., 2009; Desmet et al., 2006; Karu et al, 2005; Eells et al., 2004; Schieke et al., 2003; Stolik et al., 2000). 1.5 Light Emitting Diodes - An Alternative to Low Level Laser Therapy In contrast to lasers (Figure 1.2 and Table 1.1), LED light is generated via electroluminescence (light emission triggered by electric influences, eg. electron beam) to produce a light with low spatial coherence; being emitted in all directions with low focusability and a wider wavelength range. LEDs benefit from low energy consumption and low heat emission. As with lasers, the wavelength of the emitted light is dependent on the material that is used to generate the light emission, with a combination of Gallium-Arsenide-Aluminum (GaAsAl) producing IR-LED in the 680-860nm range. These characteristics of LEDs help explain why their typical uses include: LED displays, ambient lighting, signal lights, cellular phone displays, TV screens and street lights. (Paschotta, 2008) The form of the light energy (i.e., LLLT or LED) does not appear to be a prerequisite for biostimulatory effects given that “under physiological conditions, the absorption of low- intensity light by biological systems is of purely non-coherent (i.e., photobiological) nature” (Karu, 2003). Since lasers are coherent in nature, targeting a region of tissue would necessitate the combination of high powered lasers with optical lenses. However, this adaptation can be very expensive. Lasers also have limitations in wavelength capabilities and beam width, the potential for significant heat production which can burn tissue, the potential for eye damage duePDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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