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10 to the narrow focus of the beam and a greater cost when compared to LED devices (Casalechi et al., 2009, Eells et al., 2004). Furthermore, lasers require the clinician to deliver the exposure to the patient on a regular basis, rather than the patient themselves. Given the potentially limiting characteristics of lasers in terms of regional tissue application, LEDs stand to be a promising alternative for biostimulation (Vladimirov et al., 2004; Sommer et al., 2001) with the potential to be more effective and practical as a medium to uniformly deliver energy to an entire field of tissue and to influencing OTM. Safety ▼ ▲ Heat ▲ ▼ Table 1.1 LASER LED Cost ▲ ▼ Focus # Clinic visits Beam Energy use Device size Narrow Wide ▲ = Coherent Incoherent ▲ ▼ Large Small Table 1.1 A Comparison of the Characteristics of Lasers and Light Emitting Diodes Regardless of the mechanism behind biostimulation, the downstream effects of phototherapy have been observed as increased cellular proliferation, collagen and procollagen synthesis, the release of growth factors from cells, enhanced fibroblast and osteoblast activity, collagen and bone formation, calcium and phosphate incorporation, nerve stabilization, ATP production and reductions in pH, MMP-8, collagenase activity, IL-1, TNF and interferon when lasers are used in treatment (Abi-Ramia et al., 2010; Youssef et al., 2008; Desmet et al., 2006;PDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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