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1.7 Light Emitting Diodes – Cell, Molecular, Tissue and Metabolic Effects with a Potential Role in Orthodontic Tooth Movement The reports on the effects of LED phototherapy on tissue and OTM are more limited than that of LLLT (lasers). At the cellular level, it has been demonstrated that peak absorption measurements of cellular monolayers occur in the range of 730-850nm (Karu et al., 2005). Furthermore, LED phototherapy has been shown to increase mesenchymal stem cell and fibroblast proliferation (Li et al., 2010; Vinck et al., 2003), DNA replication, cell adhesion (Karu et al., 2005), cell growth, proliferation rates and mitochondrial activity, while rescuing mitochondrial dysfunction (Holder et al., 2012). These findings are consistent with animal studies showing enhanced wound healing and tissue regeneration (Rosa et al., 2013; Tada et al., 2009; Casalechi et al., 2009; Al-Watban et al., 2006; Whelan et al., 2003), decreased inflammation (Fonseca et al., 2013), increased mini-implant stability (Uysal et al., 2010) and increased periodontal tissue vascularity and repair during OTM (Fonseca et al., 2013). At the clinical level, the safety and benefits of LED phototherapy have been demonstrated in other health fields than dentistry as reduced healing times and post-surgical post erythema, increased medicament absorption (Barolet and Boucher, 2010), accelerated re- epithelialization and decreased symptoms (burning, peeling, redness, swelling, peeling) (Trelles and Allones, 2006; Weiss et al., 2005). Although very limited, the dental benefits have been reported as positive effects on socket preservation (Brawn et al., 2007) using LED phototherapy 10 minutes per day for 21 days (600-650nm, 12J/cm2, 3.6cm2) and reduced pain associated with OTM when applied for 70 seconds (640nm, 4J/cm2, 0.1W) at a given orthodontic appointment (Esper et al., 2011). 14PDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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