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38 detect force application and are involved in the differential expression of RANK/RANKL/OPG and other cytokines around a tooth during orthodontic force application to produce localized bone remodelling around an orthodontically moving tooth. It is at this level that the LED phototherapy was expected to have an effect. B) The split-mouth design and the possibility of a systemic effect of LED phototherapy Pilot studies by the manufacturer have shown that light from the LED device penetrates into the alveolus (see Material and Methods). Regarding the possibility of photoleakage, previous studies investigating tissue absorption of “red” and “near infrared” light in a variety of human tissue have demonstrated that the spectroscopic absorption penetration was less than 4.23mm (Stolik et al., 2011; Stolik et al., 2000). Although this depth of penetration may seem inadequate, it is known that photodynamic therapy includes not only the photochemical reaction but also local increases in tissue temperatures and that thermal penetration exceeds that of spectroscopic penetration. However, assessment of the depth of thermal penetration in a variety of human tissues has shown that light induced increases in tissue temperatures decrease exponentially with distance from the light source and that at a distance of 20mm, which is less than the distance to the midline of the mouth, thermal increases were 0.2 degrees Celsius (Stolik et al., 2011, Stolik et al., 2000). Given that the LED device is known to penetrate the alveolus and that OTM is a metabolic phenomenon limited to the immediate area around a moving tooth, this study’s experimental design was consistent with the a biostimulatory (a.k.a. phototherapeutic) window (Sommer et al., 2001) whereby the energy delivered to the tissue to produce an effect must lay within a desired range. Furthermore, this approach is one that has been used in clinical studiesPDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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