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39 on the effect of LLLT (Genc et al., 2012; Doshi-Mehta and Bhad-Patil, 2011; da Silva Sousa et al., 2009; Kocoglu-Altan et al., 2009; Youssef et al., 2008; Limpanichkul et al., 2006; Cruz et al., 2004), local delivery of prostaglandins (Seifi et al 2003; Spielmann et al., 1989) and pulsed electromagnetic field (Showkatbakhsh et al., 2010) to assess the rate of OTM. It is on these reasons that this study relied on the ability of the split mouth design to provide an adequate control for the implementation of the LED application. The reliability of this deduction can be seen in the finding of an average rate of OTM of 1.2mm/month in both groups, a rate that is within the expected normal rate of OTM of 0.76-2.044mm/month (Youssef et al., 2008), illustrating no overall increase or decrease in the rate of OTM in comparison to prior studies of similar nature and thereby validating a lack of a systemic effect of LED phototherapy. 4.3 Biomechanical Considerations in the Evaluation of the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement In evaluating the rate of OTM it is important to acknowledge that dental tipping is known to occur more easily than bodily movement (Proffit et al., 2007). As such, it is reasonable to expect that dental tipping could contribute to the reduction in extraction space closure if biomechanics to limit dental tipping and encourage bodily movement were not employed. In this study active space closure via bodily movement of the teeth was encouraged by the use of an adequately rigid arch wires and a space closing force that would not overpower the biomechanical system intended to prevent unwanted tooth movement (i.e., excessive orthodontic dental tipping) over a 3 month period of extraction space closure. A force of 150g was delivered from constant force nickel titanium coil springs on stainless steel wires equal to or larger than 0.018” or 0.016x0.022” in dimension to produce an average OTM of 0.04mm/dPDF Image | Effect of LED Phototherapy on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement
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