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J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1001 5 of 13 Table 1. Participant characteristics in each group at baseline visit who completed 12 month study duration. Mean Age (± SD) Ethnicity (n, %) Asian Caucasian Gender balance n (% female) Mean BCVA (ETDRS letters ± SD) Smoking status Current or former smoker (%) Diabetes history (%) Hypertension history (%) Hyperlipedemia history (%) AREDS or other eye supplements Healthy Ageing (n = 12) 69.9 (± 2.5) 1 (8%) 11 (92%) 7 (58%) 87.1 ± 6.5 33% 0% 33% 50% 0% iAMD with no SDD (n = 15) 69.4 (± 7.2) 1 (7%) 15 (93%) 10 (67%) 84.8 ± 7.6 60% 0% 20% 26% 60% iAMD with SDD (n = 8) 69.3 (± 6.8) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) 5 (63%) 81.6 ± 3.7 25% 0% 38% 13% 63% iAMD = intermediate AMD; SDD = subretinal drusenoid deposits; BCVA = Best Corrected Visual Acuity; ETDRS = Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; AREDS = Age-Related Eye Disease Study. 3.2. Study Outcomes 3.2.1. Primary Outcome In healthy eyes, rod-intercept time reduced by 3.76 min (p = 0.03). No reduction in rod-intercept time was observed in iAMD with no SDD (p = 0.49) or iAMD with SDD (p > 0.99) groups. A comparison of RIT data was performed with inclusion and exclusion of assessments with more than 30% fixation error; this did not affect the statistical outcome. 3.2.2. Secondary Outcomes The changes from baseline to 12 months for all functional measure outcomes for each study group is summarized in Table 2. The only statistically significant change observed was an improvement in scotopic thresholds in healthy ageing group by 1.77 dB (p = 0.03) but there was no change in iAMD with no SDD (p = 0.30) or iAMD with SDD (p = 0.58) None of the apparent outliers were removed on any plots as they did not affect the statistical outcome of the parameters (Figure 1).PDF Image | Effects of 670 nm Photobiomodulation in Macular Degeneration
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